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Harnableitung bei Kindern

Spezielle Berücksichtigung der Langzeitkomplikationen

Urinary diversion in childhood

Special attention to the long-term consequences and complications

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Zusammenfassung

Sämtliche Anteile des Magen-Darm-Traktes wurden zur Rekonstruktion des unteren Harntraktes verwendet. Heutzutage finden Ileum- und Kolonsegmente zur Blasenaugmentation, Blasensubstitution, kontinenten kutanen und inkontinenten Harnableitung Anwendung, bei suffizientem analem Schließmuskel und normaler Nierenfunktion hat sich der Rektosigmoidpouch bewährt. Da im Kindesalter die Harnableitung häufig erst bei bereits vorgeschädigtem Harntrakt erfolgt, ist die Komplikationsrate relativ hoch (bis zu 42% Reoperationen).

Die Inkorporation von Darmsegmenten in den Harntrakt kann metabolische Konsequenzen haben, wobei jedes Darmsegment spezifische Eigenschaften mit typischen Komplikationen hat. Diese betreffen u. a. den Säure-Basen-Haushalt, die Absorption von Nahrungsbestandteilen wie Vitamin B12 und Reabsorption von Gallensäuren aus dem Dünndarm mit konsekutiver Diarrhö. Das Risiko der Entstehung sekundärer Malignome muss bedacht und durch lebenslange endoskopische Untersuchungen im Sinne einer Früherkennung kontrolliert werden, insbesondere bei Patienten mit einer kontinenten analen Harnableitung und nach Blasenaugmentation.

Abstract

For reconstruction of the urinary tract almost all bowel segments have been used. Today ileal and colonic segments are used for bladder augmentation, substitution, continent or incontinent urinary diversion. In patients with a competent anal sphincter and normal renal function, the rectosigmoid pouch is an option. Urinary diversion in the paediatric age group is mostly performed in patients with dilated upper urinary tracts. Consequently the complication rate is increased with reoperation rates of up to 42%.

Incorporation of bowel segments into the urinary tract can have metabolic consequences. Each bowel segment has its own characteristic and specific complications. These relate to the acid-base balance, absorption of vitamins and reabsorption of bile acids (causing diarrhoea) from the small bowel. Due to the risk of secondary malignancies, lifelong surveillance of the patients is mandatory, especially in those with continent anal diversion and after bladder augmentation.

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  1. Abteilung Kinderurologie der Urologischen Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland

    R. Stein, A. Schröder & J.W. Thüroff

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Stein, R., Schröder, A. & Thüroff, J. Harnableitung bei Kindern. Urologe 50, 557–565 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-011-2526-6

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