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Two-trace two-dimensional correlation spectra (2T2D-COS) analysis using FTIR spectra to monitor the immune response by COVID-19

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Abstract

There is a growing trend in using saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection with reasonable accuracy. We have studied the responses of IgA, IgG, and IgM in human saliva by directly comparing disease with control analyzing two-trace two-dimensional correlation spectra (2T2D-COS) employing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. It explores the molecular-level variation between control and COVID-19 saliva samples. The advantage of 2T2D spectra is that it helps in discriminating remarkably subtle features between two simple pairs of spectra. It gives spectral information from highly overlapped bands associated with different systems. The clinical findings from 2T2D show the decrease of IgG and IgM salivary antibodies in the 50, 60, 65, and 75-years COVID-19 samples. Among the various COVID-19 populations studied the female 30-years group reveals defense mechanisms exhibited by IgM and IgA. Lipids and fatty acids decrease, resulting in lipid oxidation due to the SARS-CoV-2 in the samples studied. Study shows salivary thiocyanate plays defense against SARS-CoV-2 in the male population in 25 and 35 age groups. The receiver operation characteristics statistical method shows a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 94% for the samples studied. The measure of accuracy computed as F score and G score has a high value, supporting our study's validation. Thus, 2T2D-COS analysis can potentially monitor the progression of immunoglobulin's response function to COVID-19 with reasonable accuracy, which could help diagnose clinical trials.

Key messages

  • The molecular profile of salivary antibodies is well resolved and identified from 2T2D-COS FTIR spectra.

  • The IgG antibody plays a significant role in the defense mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 in 25–40 years.

  • 2T2D-COS reveals the absence of salivary thiocyanate in the 40–75 years COVID-19 population.

  • The receiver operation characteristic (ROC) analysis validates our study with high sensitivity and specificity.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Miguel Sanchez-Brito for his initial contributions to the project during his stay at the Military School of Medicine and the people who kindly agreed to participate and provided a saliva sample.

Funding

This work was supported by the A022-2021 (SEDENA) budgetary program from the C.I.D.E.F.A.M.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Dr. Ambedkar Government Arts College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600039, India

    Sivakumaran Karthikeyan

  2. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, 11400, Mexico

    Gustavo J. Vazquez-Zapien & Daniel E. Rivera-Alatorre

  3. Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, 11200, Mexico

    Gustavo J. Vazquez-Zapien, Adriana Martinez-Cuazitl, Francisco Garibay-Gonzalez, Josemaria Delgado-Gonzalez, Melissa Guerrero-Ruiz, Consuelo Atriano-Colorado & Monica M. Mata-Miranda

  4. Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 07320, Mexico

    Adriana Martinez-Cuazitl

  5. Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tlaxcala, 90700, Mexico

    Raul J. Delgado-Macuil

  6. Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico

    Daniel Valencia-Trujillo

  7. Laboratorio de Gerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico

    Alberto Lopez-Reyes

  8. Hospital Central Militar, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, 11200, Mexico

    Dante J. Lopez-Mezquita

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  1. Sivakumaran Karthikeyan
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Contributions

SK performed the data analysis, wrote the original draft, reviewed it, and edited it. GJVZ, AMC, RJDM, and MMMM designed and submitted the project, managed the resources, wrote the initial draft, and reviewed it. DERA, JDG, DVT, MGR, CAC, and DJLM collected clinical data, organized data, reviewed, and edited. FGG and ALR provide important suggestions about manuscript writing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Sivakumaran Karthikeyan, Gustavo J. Vazquez-Zapien or Monica M. Mata-Miranda.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Central Militar of the Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional approved the protocol (C.INV.-034) and informed consent. The healthy patients were informed that their samples would be used for different diagnostic assays as a reference control, and the COVID-19 patients were told that their samples would be used to try other types of diagnosis.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Karthikeyan, S., Vazquez-Zapien, G.J., Martinez-Cuazitl, A. et al. Two-trace two-dimensional correlation spectra (2T2D-COS) analysis using FTIR spectra to monitor the immune response by COVID-19. J Mol Med 102, 53–67 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-023-02390-9

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