Chassaing B, Ley RE, Gewirtz AT (2014) Intestinal epithelial cell toll-like receptor 5 regulates the intestinal microbiota to prevent low-grade inflammation and metabolic syndrome in mice. Gastroenterology 147(1363–77):e17. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.033
Google Scholar
Schwabe RF, Seki E, Brenner DA (2006) Toll-like receptor signaling in the liver. Gastroenterology 130:1886–1900
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kopp A, Buechler C, Neumeier M, Weigert J, Aslanidis C, Scholmerich J, Schaffler A (2009) Innate immunity and adipocyte function: ligand-specific activation of multiple toll-like receptors modulates cytokine, adipokine, and chemokine secretion in adipocytes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17:648–656
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Caesar R, Tremaroli V, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Cani PD, Backhed F (2015) Crosstalk between gut microbiota and dietary lipids aggravates WAT inflammation through TLR signaling. Cell Metab 22:658–668
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zu L, He J, Jiang H, Xu C, Pu S, Xu G (2009) Bacterial endotoxin stimulates adipose lipolysis via toll-like receptor 4 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 284:5915–5926
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Caricilli AM, Picardi PK, de Abreu LL, Ueno M, Prada PO, Ropelle ER, Hirabara SM, Castoldi A, Vieira P, Camara NO, et al. (2011) Gut microbiota is a key modulator of insulin resistance in TLR 2 knockout mice. PLoS Biol 9:e1001212. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001212
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vijay-Kumar M, Aitken JD, Carvalho FA, Cullender TC, Mwangi S, Srinivasan S, Sitaraman SV, Knight R, Ley RE, Gewirtz AT (2010) Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking toll-like receptor 5. Science 328:228–231
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang XA, Zhang R, She ZG, Zhang XF, Jiang DS, Wang T, Gao L, Deng W, Zhang SM, Zhu LH, et al. (2014) Interferon regulatory factor 3 constrains IKKbeta/NF-kappaB signaling to alleviate hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Hepatology 59:870–885
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dalmas E, Toubal A, Alzaid F, Blazek K, Eames HL, Lebozec K, Pini M, Hainault I, Montastier E, Denis RG, et al. (2015) Irf5 deficiency in macrophages promotes beneficial adipose tissue expansion and insulin sensitivity during obesity. Nat Med 21:610–618
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jia L, Vianna CR, Fukuda M, Berglund ED, Liu C, Tao C, Sun K, Liu T, Harper MJ, Lee CE, et al. (2014) Hepatocyte toll-like receptor 4 regulates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Commun 5:3878
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Etienne-Mesmin L, Vijay-Kumar M, Gewirtz AT, Chassaing BH (2016) Toll-like receptor 5 promotes bacterial clearance and protects mice against high-fat diet-induced liver disease. CMGH in press. doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.04.007
Google Scholar
Feingold KR, Moser A, Shigenaga JK, Grunfeld C (2012) Inflammation inhibits the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver and adipose tissue. Innate Immun 18:231–240
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cullender TC, Chassaing B, Janzon A, Kumar K, Muller CE, Werner JJ, Angenent LT, Bell ME, Hay AG, Peterson DA, et al. (2013) Innate and adaptive immunity interact to quench microbiome flagellar motility in the gut. Cell Host Microbe 14:571–581
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kelly B, O'Neill LA (2015) Metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and dendritic cells in innate immunity. Cell Res 25:771–784
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Carvalho FA, Aitken JD, Vijay-Kumar M, Gewirtz AT (2012) Toll-like receptor-gut microbiota interactions: perturb at your own risk! Annu Rev Physiol 74:177–198
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dong H, Bullock TN (2014) Metabolic influences that regulate dendritic cell function in tumors. Front Immunol 5:24
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Krawczyk CM, Holowka T, Sun J, Blagih J, Amiel E, DeBerardinis RJ, Cross JR, Jung E, Thompson CB, Jones RG, Pearce EJ (2010) Toll-like receptor-induced changes in glycolytic metabolism regulate dendritic cell activation. Blood 115:4742–4749
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Everts B, Amiel E, Huang SC, Smith AM, Chang CH, Lam WY, Redmann V, Freitas TC, Blagih J, van der Windt GJ, et al. (2014) TLR-driven early glycolytic reprogramming via the kinases TBK1-IKKvarepsilon supports the anabolic demands of dendritic cell activation. Nat Immunol 15:323–332
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Prados JC, Traves PG, Cuenca J, Rico D, Aragones J, Martin-Sanz P, Cascante M, Bosca L (2010) Substrate fate in activated macrophages: a comparison between innate, classic, and alternative activation. J Immunol 185:605–614
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sanin DE, Prendergast CT, Mountford AP (2015) IL-10 production in macrophages is regulated by a TLR-driven CREB-mediated mechanism that is linked to genes involved in cell metabolism. J Immunol 195:1218–1232
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Castrillo A, Joseph SB, Vaidya SA, Haberland M, Fogelman AM, Cheng G, Tontonoz P (2003) Crosstalk between LXR and toll-like receptor signaling mediates bacterial and viral antagonism of cholesterol metabolism. Mol Cell 12:805–816
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Chastellier C, Thilo L (2006) Cholesterol depletion in Mycobacterium avium-infected macrophages overcomes the block in phagosome maturation and leads to the reversible sequestration of viable mycobacteria in phagolysosome-derived autophagic vacuoles. Cell Microbiol 8:242–256
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yvan-Charvet L, Welch C, Pagler TA, Ranalletta M, Lamkanfi M, Han S, Ishibashi M, Li R, Wang N, Tall AR (2008) Increased inflammatory gene expression in ABC transporter-deficient macrophages: free cholesterol accumulation, increased signaling via toll-like receptors, and neutrophil infiltration of atherosclerotic lesions. Circulation 118:1837–1847
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chow EK, Castrillo A, Shahangian A, Pei L, O'Connell RM, Modlin RL, Tontonoz P, Cheng G (2006) A role for IRF3-dependent RXRalpha repression in hepatotoxicity associated with viral infections. J Exp Med 203:2589–2602
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vaz B, de Lera AR (2012) Advances in drug design with RXR modulators. Expert Opin Drug Discov 7:1003–1016
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li Q, Pene V, Krishnamurthy S, Cha H, Liang TJ (2013) Hepatitis C virus infection activates an innate pathway involving IKK-alpha in lipogenesis and viral assembly. Nat Med 19:722–729
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Isogawa M, Robek MD, Furuichi Y, Chisari FV (2005) Toll-like receptor signaling inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vivo. J Virol 79:7269–7272
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Huang YL, Morales-Rosado J, Ray J, Myers TG, Kho T, Lu M, Munford RS (2014) Toll-like receptor agonists promote prolonged triglyceride storage in macrophages. J Biol Chem 289:3001–3012
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kazemi MR, McDonald CM, Shigenaga JK, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR (2005) Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein expression and lipid accumulation are increased during activation of murine macrophages by toll-like receptor agonists. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:1220–1224
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xu X, Grijalva A, Skowronski A, van Eijk M, Serlie MJ, Ferrante AW Jr (2013) Obesity activates a program of lysosomal-dependent lipid metabolism in adipose tissue macrophages independently of classic activation. Cell Metab 18:816–830
Buttgereit F, Burmester GR, Brand MD (2000) Bioenergetics of immune functions: fundamental and therapeutic aspects. Immunol Today 21:192–199
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arrese EL, Soulages JL (2010) Insect fat body: energy, metabolism, and regulation. Annu Rev Entomol 55:207–225
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
DiAngelo JR, Bland ML, Bambina S, Cherry S, Birnbaum MJ (2009) The immune response attenuates growth and nutrient storage in Drosophila by reducing insulin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:20853–20858
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Leulier F, Lemaitre B (2008) Toll-like receptors—taking an evolutionary approach. Nat Rev Genet 9:165–178
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pang S, Tang H, Zhuo S, Zang YQ, Le Y (2010) Regulation of fasting fuel metabolism by toll-like receptor 4. Diabetes 59:3041–3048
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Orr JS, Puglisi MJ, Ellacott KL, Lumeng CN, Wasserman DH, Hasty AH (2012) Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency promotes the alternative activation of adipose tissue macrophages. Diabetes 61:2718–2727
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kagan JC, Su T, Horng T, Chow A, Akira S, Medzhitov R (2008) TRAM couples endocytosis of toll-like receptor 4 to the induction of interferon-beta. Nat Immunol 9:361–368
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stack J, Doyle SL, Connolly DJ, Reinert LS, O'Keeffe KM, McLoughlin RM, Paludan SR, Bowie AG (2014) TRAM is required for TLR2 endosomal signaling to type I IFN induction. J Immunol 193:6090–6102
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schaffler A, Scholmerich J, Salzberger B (2007) Adipose tissue as an immunological organ: toll-like receptors, C1q/TNFs and CTRPs. Trends Immunol 28:393–399
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uematsu S, Fujimoto K, Jang MH, Yang BG, Jung YJ, Nishiyama M, Sato S, Tsujimura T, Yamamoto M, Yokota Y, Kiyono H, Miyasaka M, Ishii KJ, Akira S (2008) Regulation of humoral and cellular gut immunity by lamina propria dendritic cells expressing toll-like receptor 5. Nat Immunol 9:769–776
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Round JL, Lee SM, Li J, Tran G, Jabri B, Chatila TA, Mazmanian SK (2011) The toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota. Science 332:974–977
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Carvalho FA, Aitken JD, Gewirtz AT, Vijay-Kumar M (2011) TLR5 activation induces secretory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1Ra) and reduces inflammasome-associated tissue damage. Mucosal Immunol 4:102–111
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, Edberg S, Medzhitov R (2004) Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 118:229–241
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ubeda C, Lipuma L, Gobourne A, Viale A, Leiner I, Equinda M, Khanin R, Pamer EG (2012) Familial transmission rather than defective innate immunity shapes the distinct intestinal microbiota of TLR-deficient mice. J Exp Med 209:1445–1456
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, Waget A, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, Burcelin R (2008) Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 57:1470–1481
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, et al. (2014) Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505:559–563
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee YS, Li P, Huh JY, Hwang IJ, Lu M, Kim JI, Ham M, Talukdar S, Chen A, Lu WJ, Bandyopadhyay GK, et al. (2011) Inflammation is necessary for long-term but not short-term high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 60:2474–2483
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Coxib and traditional NSAID Trialists’ (CNT) Collaboration. Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, et al (2013) Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 382:769–779
Dasu MR, Devaraj S, Park S, Jialal I (2010) Increased toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and TLR ligands in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 33:861–868
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Illig T, Bongardt F, Schopfer A, Holle R, Muller S, Rathmann W, Koenig W, Meisinger C, HE W, Kolb H, Group KS (2003) The endotoxin receptor TLR4 polymorphism is not associated with diabetes or components of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 52:2861–2864
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kolek MJ, Carlquist JF, Muhlestein JB, Whiting BM, Horne BD, Bair TL, Anderson JL (2004) Toll-like receptor 4 gene Asp299Gly polymorphism is associated with reductions in vascular inflammation, angiographic coronary artery disease, and clinical diabetes. Am Heart J 148:1034–1040
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Al-Daghri NM, Clerici M, Al-Attas O, Forni D, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Sabico S, Mohammed AK, Cagliani R, Sironi M (2013) A nonsense polymorphism (R392X) in TLR5 protects from obesity but predisposes to diabetes. J Immunol 190:3716–3720
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bjornvold M, Munthe-Kaas MC, Egeland T, Joner G, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Njolstad PR, Akselsen HE, Gervin K, Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH, Undlien DE (2009) A TLR2 polymorphism is associated with type 1 diabetes and allergic asthma. Genes Immun 10:181–187
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Santin I, Bilbao JR, de Nanclares GP, Calvo B, Castano L (2006) No association of TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms with type I diabetes mellitus in the Basque population. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1079:268–272
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI (2006) An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444:1027–1031
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Suarez-Zamorano N, Fabbiano S, Chevalier C, Stojanovic O, Colin DJ, Stevanovic A, Veyrat-Durebex C, Tarallo V, Rigo D, Germain S, et al. (2015) Microbiota depletion promotes browning of white adipose tissue and reduces obesity. Nat Med 21:1497–1501
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dibner JJ, Richards JD (2005) Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poult Sci 84:634–643
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee K, Paek K, Lee HY, Park JH, Lee Y (2007) Antiobesity effect of trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid-producing Lactobacillus plantarum PL62 on diet-induced obese mice. J Appl Microbiol 103:1140–1146
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Angelakis E, Merhej V, Raoult D (2013) Related actions of probiotics and antibiotics on gut microbiota and weight modification. Lancet Infect Dis 13:889–899
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ley RE, Hamady M, Lozupone C, Turnbaugh PJ, Ramey RR, Bircher JS, Schlegel ML, Tucker TA, Schrenzel MD, Knight R, Gordon JI (2008) Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. Science 320:1647–1651
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar