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Bending performance of 3-layer beech (Fagus sylvativa L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) VTC composites bonded with phenol–formaldehyde adhesive and liquefied wood

Biegefestigkeit dreilagiger, mit Phenol–Formaldehydharz und Flüssigholz verklebter VTC Buchen- (Fagus sylvatica L.) und Fichtenholz- (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Verbundwerkstoffe

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Abstract

Low quality beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were densified with viscoelastic thermal compression (VTC) process to two different degrees of densification, and lamellas were used to manufacture different types of 3-layer VTC composites. Bending properties of 3-layer VTC composites bonded with phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive and liquefied wood (LW) were determined and compared to 3-layer composites produced with undensified beech or spruce wood lamellas. Morphology of VTC spruce wood of higher density was analysed with fluorescent microscopic technique. All composites produced with densified beech lamellas and bonded with PF adhesive had significantly higher values of modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) than composites produced with undensified lamellas. Densified spruce lamellas contributed to better bending performance of 3-layer VTC composites bonded with PF adhesive to some extent. Furthermore, composites bonded with LW had significantly lower MOR and MOE values compared to composites bonded with PF adhesive. Study of VTC spruce wood microstructure showed that densification caused non-uniform deformation of cell wall structure, in which cell wall fractures were observed.

Zusammenfassung

Buchen- (Fagus sylvatica L.) und Fichtenholz- (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Lamellen geringer Qualität wurden mittels viskoelastischer thermischer Verdichtung (VTC) in zwei Verdichtungsgraden verdichtet und zur Herstellung unterschiedlicher dreilagiger VTC-Verbundwerkstoffe verwendet. Die Biegeeigenschaften der dreilagigen, mit Phenol-Formaldehydharz (PF) und Flüssigholz (LW) verklebten VTC-Verbundwerkstoffe wurden mit den Eigenschaften von dreilagigen Verbundwerkstoffen aus unverdichteten Buchen- oder Fichtenholz-Lamellen verglichen. Die Morphologie von VTC-Fichtenholz höherer Dichte wurde mittels Fluoreszenzmikroskopverfahren untersucht. Die Biegefestigkeit (MOR) und der Elastizitätsmodul (MOE) aller aus verdichtetem Buchenholz hergestellter und mit PF-Klebstoff verklebter Verbundwerkstoffe waren signifikant höher als bei den Verbundwerkstoffen aus unverdichteten Lamellen. Die verdichteten Fichtenlamellen trugen in einem gewissen Maße zu einem besseren Biegeverhalten der dreilagigen, mit PF-Klebstoff verklebten VTC-Verbundwerkstoffe bei. Daneben wiesen die mit Flüssigholz verklebten Verbundwerkstoffe signifikant niedrigere Biegefestigkeits- und Elastizitätsmodulwerte auf als die mit PF verklebten Verbundwerkstoffe. Eine Untersuchung der Mikrostruktur von VTC Fichtenholz zeigte, dass die Verdichtung zu einer unregelmäßigen Verformung der Zellwandstruktur führte, bei der Schädigungen der Zellwand auftraten.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the Slovenian Research Agency through the fundamental research project J4-2177 “Development of environmentally friendly adhesives from renewable plant polymers” and bilateral project BI-US/11-12-041 “Adhesive bonding of viscoelastic thermal compressed wood with environmentally friendly adhesives”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Rožna dolina, C. VIII/34, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Aleš Ugovšek & Milan Sernek

  2. Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, 119 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA

    Frederick A. Kamke

  3. Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Muzejski trg 2, 6000, Koper, Slovenia

    Andreja Kutnar

  4. ILTRA d.o.o., Celovška cesta 268, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Andreja Kutnar

Authors
  1. Aleš Ugovšek
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  2. Frederick A. Kamke
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  3. Milan Sernek
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  4. Andreja Kutnar
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Correspondence to Andreja Kutnar.

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Ugovšek, A., Kamke, F.A., Sernek, M. et al. Bending performance of 3-layer beech (Fagus sylvativa L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) VTC composites bonded with phenol–formaldehyde adhesive and liquefied wood. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 71, 507–514 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0704-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0704-5

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