1 Introduction

Typical particleboards are three-layer boards which consist of a central layer (core) and two outer layers (faces). Structures of these layers differ markedly. The face layers, made of smaller chips with a higher resin content, have a greater compaction ratio and density, and in consequence better mechanical properties.

Data on the mechanical properties of entire particleboards are not always sufficient. Moreover, learning these data for the particleboard layers may be in some cases very desirable. Particularly, knowledge of elastic properties of these layers may be useful for more rational designing of structural members made of particleboards and for analyzing stresses and deformations occurring in these members.

Many studies have been carried out with regard to elastic properties of particle boards. However little has been done in respect of the elastic properties of the particleboard layers. Keylwerth (1958) studied the Young’s moduli in tension and compression parallel to the layer plane for the face and core layers separated from the board, and the modulus of elasticity in bending and shear modulus in the layer plane but only for the core layer. Geimer et al. (1975) determined the Young’s moduli of the face and core layers separated from the board using a tensile test in the direction parallel to the layer plane, and the shear modulus of the core layer in the plane perpendicular to the layer by an interlaminar shear test. Dueholm (1976) assessed the Young’s moduli of the particleboard layers determining the face layer modulus by an indirect method consisting of comparing the stiffness of the raw (unsanded) with sanded specimens. The depth of sanding was equal to the thickness of the face layer. He used a static tensile test and two dynamic tests. The moduli of elasticity of the layers were also investigated by May (1983), who determined the face layer modulus in a similar indirect way by employing a static bending test. In turn Bucur et al. (1998) determined the Young’s moduli of the face and core layers in the direction parallel to the layer plane using the ultrasonic method and dynamic mechanical analysis technique. Wilczyński and Kociszewski (2007) studied the layer moduli of elasticity in bending for three directions: the mat forming direction, the direction perpendicular to it, and the direction perpendicular to the layer plane, using the specimens glued from layers separated from boards.

The aim of this study was to determine the full set of elastic constants of the layers of three-layer particleboards assuming orthotropic anisotropy of these layers.

2 Materials and methods

Typical commercial three-layer particleboards with the thickness of 18 mm, bonded with UF resin meeting the requirements of EN 312, grade P4 were used in this study. The particleboards were obtained from various manufacturers. Their density ranged from 676 to 714 kg/m3.

Three-layer particleboard, see Fig. 1, can be regarded as an orthotropic body (Bodig and Jayne 1993; Bucur et al. 1998). The principal axes of elasticity have the following directions: x—mat forming direction, y—perpendicular to the mat forming direction, and z—perpendicular to the board. The set of elastic constants: three Young’s moduli, six Poisson’s ratios and three shear moduli were determined for both the face and core layers.

Fig. 1 Abb. 1
figure 1

Separated layers of particleboard and principal axes of the elasticity

Deck- und Mittelschichten der Spanplatte sowie Achsen der Elastizitätskonstanten

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The method of compressing test specimens and measuring their elastic strains by means of electric resistance gauges was used. Six types of specimens 60 mm long, 30 mm wide and 20 mm thick were employed. They were glued from core and face strips separated from particleboards by appropriate mechanical processing. The thickness of the strips was 2 mm and 10 mm for the face and core layer, respectively, see Fig. 1.

3 Results

The effect of the particleboard manufacture on the layer elastic constants was evaluated by analysis of variance. There were no statistically significant differences (at the 5% significance level) in these constants among the tested particleboards. Consequently, it was decided to average each elastic constant based on the total results for all particleboards. The average elastic constants of the particleboard layers as orthotropic materials are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Tab. 1 Average elastic constants and density of particleboard layersDurchschnittliche Elastizitätskonstanten und Dichte der Mittel- und Deckschichten
Full size table

For both the face and core layers the modulus E y in the perpendicular direction is, as expected, lower than the modulus E x in the mat forming direction. The modulus E y amounts to 86% and 87% of the modulus E x for the face and core layers, respectively. The modulus E z in the direction perpendicular to the layer plane is very low amounting only to 11% and 13% of the modulus E x for the face and core layers, respectively. This comparison proves strong anisotropy of the layers in the xz plane, i.e., the plane perpendicular to the plane of layers.

The moduli G xz and G yz in the planes perpendicular to the layer plane are much smaller than the modulus G xy in the layer plane. They amount only to 21% and 20% of the modulus G xy for the face layer, and to 26% and 25% of the G xy for the core layer.

The Young’s moduli of the core layer range from 41% to 47% of those of the face layer. The shear moduli of the core layer range from 45% to 55% of those of the face layer. The mean density of the core layer is 63% of that of the face layer. The relative differences between elastic moduli of the core and face layers, particularly between the Young’s moduli, are greater than the difference between the densities of these layers. One can conclude that the elastic moduli of the particleboard layers are not proportionate to their densities.

The differences between the Poisson’s ratios of the core and face layers are low, and amount most often to a few percent. The Poisson’s ratios of the face layer are usually greater. It is worth noting that the Poisson’s ratios ν xz and ν yz related to the transverse layer planes achieve greater values both for the face and the core layer than the Poisson’s ratio ν xy related to the layer plane.