Skip to main content
Log in

Perianale Fistel und Analfissur

Perianal fistula and anal fissure

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Chirurg Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Kryptoglanduläre Analfistel

Perianale Abszesse entstehen in aller Regel im intersphinkteren Raum auf dem Boden einer Infektion der Proktodealdrüsen. Nicht aus jedem Abszess entwickelt sich eine Fistel. Die Ausbreitung des Abszesses bzw. die Entstehung perianaler Fisteln entspricht der vorgegebenen Anatomie. Perianale Fisteln heilen in aller Regel nicht von selbst ab. Die zur Verfügung stehenden Therapieoptionen messen sich an der Rate der Abheilung, eintretender Kontinenzstörung und an den Kosten. Je aggressiver die Therapie, desto größer sind die Chancen auf Abheilung – je konservativer, desto größer ist die Rezidivneigung.

Analfissur

Eine akute Analfissur sollte konservativ mit Stuhlregulierung, in der akuten Schmerzphase mit lokalen Anästhetika vor allem mit topischen Salben/Cremes, bei Versagen mit Botulinomtoxin therapiert werden. Im Stadium der chronischen Fissur sollte zunächst vergleichend konservativ behandelt werden. Beim Versagen sollten operative Therapieoptionen empfohlen werden – an erster Stelle die sparsame Fissurektomie mit Exzision der Vorpostenfalte und Analpolypen. Manuelle Dehnung und posteriore Sphinkterotomie sind obsolet, die laterale interne Sphinkterotomie muss vor gehäufter Inkontinenz in der Langzeitbeobachtung kritisch gesehen werden.

Abstract

Cryptoglandular anal fistula

Perianal abscesses are caused by cryptoglandular infections. Not every abscess will end in a fistula. The formation of a fistula is determined by the anatomy of the anal sphincter and perianal fistulas will not heal on their own. The therapy of a fistula is oriented between a more aggressive approach (operation) and a conservative treatment with fibrin glue or a plug. Definitive healing and the development of incontinence are the most important key points.

Anal fissures

Acute anal fissures should be treated conservatively by topical ointments, consisting of nitrates, calcium channel blockers and if all else fails by botulinum toxin. Treatment of chronic fissures will start conservatively but operative options are necessary in many cases. Operation of first choice is fissurectomy, including excision of fibrotic margins, curettage of the base and excision of the sentinel pile and anal polyps. Lateral internal sphincterotomy is associated with a certain degree of incontinence and needs critical long-term observation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Literatur

  1. Aboulian A, Kaji AH, Kumar RR (2011) early result of ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract for fistula-in-ano. Dis Colon Rectum 54:289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Arroyo A, Perez-Legaz J, Moya P (2012) Fistulotomy and sphincter reconstruction in the treatment of complex fistula in ano: long term clinical and manometric results. Ann Surg 255:93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Christensen A, Nilas L, Christiansen J (1986) Treatment of transsphincteric anal fistulas by the seton technique. Dis Colon Rectum 29:454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Christiansen J, Ronholt C (1995) Treatment of recurrent high anal fistula by total excision and primary sphincter reconstruction. Int J Colorectal Dis 10:207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cirocchi R, Farinella E, La Mura F (2009) Fibrin glue in the treatment of anal fistula: a systematic review. Ann Surg Innov Res 3:12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cross KLAR, Massey EJD, Fowler AL (2008) The management of Anal Fissure: ACPGB Statement. Colorectal Dis 10(Suppl 3):1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ellis CN (2010) Outcomes with the use of bioprosthetic grafts to reinforce the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (BioLIFT Procedure) for the management of complex anal fistulas. Dis Col Rectum 53:1361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Garcia-Aguilar J, Belmonte C, Wong WD et al (1996) Anal fistula surgery. Factors associated with recurrence and incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 39:723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gravante G, Giordano P (2008) The role of three dimensional endoluminal ultrasound imaging in the evaluation of anorectal diseases: a review. Surg Endosc 22:1570

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hamadani A, Haigh PI, Liu IL (2009) Who is at risk for developing chronic anal fistula or recurrent anal sepsis after initial perineal abscess. Dis Colon Rectum 52:217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hasse C, Brune M, Bachmann S (2004) Laterale, partielle Sphinkterotomie zur Therapie der chronischen Analfissur. Chirurg 75:160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hjortrup A, Moesgaard F, Kjaergard J (1991) Fibrin adhesive in the treatment of perineal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum 34:752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jacob TJ, Keighley MR, Perakath B (2010) Surgical intervention for chronic anorectal fistula. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD 006319

  14. Lindsey I, Smilgin-Humphreys MM, Cunningham C (2002) A randomized, controlled trial of fibrin- glue vs conventional treatment for anal fistula. Dis Colon Rectum 45:1608

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Malik AI, Nelson RL (2008) Surgical management of anal fistulae: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 10:420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mc Gee MF, Champagne BJ, Stulberg JJ et al (2010) Tract length predicts successful closure with anal fistula plug in cryptoglandular fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum 53:1116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Meier zu Eissen J (2001) Chronische Analfissur. Kongressbd DGCh 118:654

    Google Scholar 

  18. Nelson RL, Chattopadyay A, Brooks W (2011) Operative procedures for fissure in ano. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD002199

    Google Scholar 

  19. Nelson RL, Thomas K, Morgan J, Jones A (2012) Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 15:CD003431

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ommer A, Herold A, Berg E (2011) S3 Leitlinie: Kryptoglanduläre Analfisteln. Coloproctology 33:295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. O’Riordan JM, Datta I, Johnston C, Baxter NN (2012) A systematic review of the anal fistula plug for patients with Crohn’s and non-Crohn’s related fistula in ano. Dis Colon Rectum 55:351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Parkash S, Lakshmiratan V, Galendran V (1985) Fistula-in-ano: treatment by fistulectomy, primary closure and reconstitution. Aust N Z J Surg 55:23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Pescatori M, Maria G, Anastasio G (1989) Anal manometry improves the outcome of surgery for fistula in ano. Dis Colon Rectum 32:588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Perez F, Arroyo A, Serrano P et al (2006) Randomized clinical and manometric study of advancement flap versus fistulectomy with sphincter reconstruction in the management of complex fistula-in-ano. Am J Surg 192:34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Perry WB, Dykes SL, Buie WD (2010) Practice parameters for the management of anal fissures (3rd Revision). Dis Colon Rectum 53:1110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Quah HM, Tang CL, Eu KW (2005) Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing drainage alone vs primary sphincter cutting procedures for anorectal abscess-fistula. Int J Colorectal Dis 30:1

    Google Scholar 

  27. Raulf F, Meier zu Eissen J, Furtwängler A (2008) Analfissur. AWMF online Nr 013/061

  28. Rojanaskul A, Patanaarun J, Sahakitrungruang C, Tantiphlachiva K (2007) Total anal sphincter saving technique for fistula-in-ano; the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract. J Med Assoc Thai 90:581

    Google Scholar 

  29. Steele SR, Kumar R, Feingold DL et al (2011) Practice parameters for the management of perianal abscess and fistula in ano. Dis Colon Rectum 54:1465

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Vial M, Pares D, Pera M, Grande L (2010) Faecal incontinence after seton treatment for anal fistulae with and without surgical division of internal anal sphincter: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 12:172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Williams JG, Farrands PA, Williams AB (2007) The treatment of anal fistula: ACPGBI position statement. Colorectal Dis 9(Suppl 4):18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wittmer A, WittmerA, Winkler R (2003) Ätiologie und Therapie der Analfissur. Coloproctology 25:16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Schünke M, Schulte E et al (2012) Prometheus – LernAtlas der Anatomie, Innere Organe, 3. Aufl. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to W. Heitland.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Heitland, W. Perianale Fistel und Analfissur. Chirurg 83, 1033–1039 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-012-2297-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-012-2297-7

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation