Zusammenfassung
Kryptoglanduläre Analfistel
Perianale Abszesse entstehen in aller Regel im intersphinkteren Raum auf dem Boden einer Infektion der Proktodealdrüsen. Nicht aus jedem Abszess entwickelt sich eine Fistel. Die Ausbreitung des Abszesses bzw. die Entstehung perianaler Fisteln entspricht der vorgegebenen Anatomie. Perianale Fisteln heilen in aller Regel nicht von selbst ab. Die zur Verfügung stehenden Therapieoptionen messen sich an der Rate der Abheilung, eintretender Kontinenzstörung und an den Kosten. Je aggressiver die Therapie, desto größer sind die Chancen auf Abheilung – je konservativer, desto größer ist die Rezidivneigung.
Analfissur
Eine akute Analfissur sollte konservativ mit Stuhlregulierung, in der akuten Schmerzphase mit lokalen Anästhetika vor allem mit topischen Salben/Cremes, bei Versagen mit Botulinomtoxin therapiert werden. Im Stadium der chronischen Fissur sollte zunächst vergleichend konservativ behandelt werden. Beim Versagen sollten operative Therapieoptionen empfohlen werden – an erster Stelle die sparsame Fissurektomie mit Exzision der Vorpostenfalte und Analpolypen. Manuelle Dehnung und posteriore Sphinkterotomie sind obsolet, die laterale interne Sphinkterotomie muss vor gehäufter Inkontinenz in der Langzeitbeobachtung kritisch gesehen werden.
Abstract
Cryptoglandular anal fistula
Perianal abscesses are caused by cryptoglandular infections. Not every abscess will end in a fistula. The formation of a fistula is determined by the anatomy of the anal sphincter and perianal fistulas will not heal on their own. The therapy of a fistula is oriented between a more aggressive approach (operation) and a conservative treatment with fibrin glue or a plug. Definitive healing and the development of incontinence are the most important key points.
Anal fissures
Acute anal fissures should be treated conservatively by topical ointments, consisting of nitrates, calcium channel blockers and if all else fails by botulinum toxin. Treatment of chronic fissures will start conservatively but operative options are necessary in many cases. Operation of first choice is fissurectomy, including excision of fibrotic margins, curettage of the base and excision of the sentinel pile and anal polyps. Lateral internal sphincterotomy is associated with a certain degree of incontinence and needs critical long-term observation.
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Heitland, W. Perianale Fistel und Analfissur. Chirurg 83, 1033–1039 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-012-2297-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-012-2297-7