Zusammenfassung
Weltweit mehren sich die Berichte über die Ausbreitung der Bettwanzen Cimex lectularius und C. hemipterus (in Australien). Unabhängig von den hygienischen Bedingungen sind die Insekten insbesondere in Hotels und Hostels sowie in anderen Ferienunterkünften, Gesundheitseinrichtungen, Transportmitteln und im Gebrauchtwarenhandel zu finden und breiten sich von dort in Privathaushalte aus. Ein Bettwanzenbefall kann durchaus gesundheitliche Auswirkungen haben und stellt für die Betroffenen eine starke Belastung dar. Bei der weltweiten Ausbreitung der Insekten scheint es sich um ein multifaktorielles Geschehen zu handeln, dessen Ursachen kontrovers diskutiert werden. Diese werden u. a. in einer Zunahme der internationalen Reisetätigkeit und des Gebrauchtwarenhandels gesucht. Eine entscheidende Rolle könnten die eingeschränkte Verfügbarkeit wirksamer Insektizide mit Langzeitwirkung und die Entwicklung von Resistenzen gegen die verfügbaren Wirkstoffe spielen. Mangels offizieller Daten ist eine Quantifizierung des Auftretens von Bettwanzen in Deutschland nicht möglich, aber Schädlingsbekämpfer und öffentliche Behörden berichten von zunehmenden Fallzahlen und Problemen bei der Bekämpfung. Letztere scheinen hier – wie auch in anderen Ländern – u. a. durch die Ausbildung von Wirkstoffresistenzen (insbesondere Pyrethroide) bedingt zu sein. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die Prävention und damit die Aufklärung der Bevölkerung über die Lebensweise und Ausbreitungswege der Insekten von entscheidender Bedeutung, um ihrer Ausbreitung entgegenwirken zu können.
Abstract
Worldwide, reports of the spread of the bed bugs Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus (in Australia) are increasing. Irrespective of hygiene conditions, the insects can be especially found in hotels and hostels as well as in other holiday accommodation, health facilities, transport and in the secondhand trade. From these localities the insects spread to private households. A bed bug infestation may well have health consequences and constitutes a heavy burden for those affected. The global spread of bed bugs appears to be multifactorially conditioned and the causes are controversially discussed. The spread could be explained, among other things, by the increase in international travel and trade in used goods. The limited availability of insecticides with long-term effects and the development of resistance to available agents could play a crucial role. In the absence of official data it is impossible to quantify the extent of the spread in Germany but pest controllers and public authorities report increasing numbers of cases and problems in control. As in other countries the latter appear to be caused among other things by the development of drug resistance (particularly pyrethroids). Against this background, prevention and thus the education of the public on the habits and dissemination routes of these insects remain crucial in order to counteract the spread of bed bugs.
Literatur
Boase C (2008) Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): an evidence-based analysis of the current situation. Proc Sixth Int Conf Urban Pests 7–14
Boase C (2008) Bed bugs: research and resurgence. In: Takken W, Knols BGJ (Hrsg) Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, S 261–280
Doggett SL, Geary MJ, Russell RC (2004) The resurgence of bed bugs in Australia: with notes on their ecology and control. Environ Health 4:30–38
Hwang SW, Svoboda TJ, Jong IJ de et al (2005) Bed bug infestations in an urban environment. Emerg Infect Dis 11:533–538
Potter MF (2006) The perfect storm: an extension view on bed bugs. Am Entomol 52:102–104
Harlan HJ (2006) Bed bugs 101: the basics of Cimex lectularius. Am Entomol 52:99–101
Romero A, Potter MF, Potter DA, Haynes KF (2007) Insecticide resistance in the bed bug: a factor in the pest’s sudden resurgence. J Med Entomol 44:175–178
Richards L, Boase CJ, Gezan S, Cameron MM (2009) Are bed bug infestations on the increase within Greater London? J Env Health Res 9:1–9
Doggett SL, Orton CJ, Lilly DG, Russell RC (2011) Bed bugs: the Australian response. Insects 2:96–111
Bencheton AL, Berenger JM, Giudice P del et al (2011) Resurgence of bed bugs in southern France. A local problem or the tip of the iceberg? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 25:599–602
Aultman JM (2012) Don’t let the bedbugs bite: the Cimicidae debacle and the denial of healthcare and social justice. Med Health Care Philos 16:417–427
Shum M, Comack E, Stuart T et al (2012) Bed bugs and public health: new approaches for an old scourge. Can J Public Health 103:e399–e403
Usinger R (1966) Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Thomas Say Foundation, College Park MD. Entomol Soc Am 1–572
Hase A (1917) Die Bettwanze (Cimex lectularius L.), ihr Leben und ihre Bekämpfung. Paul Parey, Berlin, S 1–144
Reinhardt K, Sivy-Jothy MT (2007) Biology of the bed bugs. Annu Rev Entomol 52:351–374
Johnson CG (1941) The ecology of the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L., in Britain. J Hygiene 41:347–461
Omori N (1941) Comparative studies on the ecology and physiology of common and tropical bed bugs, with special references to the reactions to temperature and moisture. J Med Ass Formosa 60:555–729
Kemper H (1930) Beiträge zur Biologie der Bettwanze (Cimex lectularius L.) I. Über den Einfluss des Nahrungsmangels. Zoomorphology 19:160–183
Polanco AM (2011) Survivorship during starvation for Cimex lectularius L. Insects 2:232–242
Smaha J (1976) Die Fledermauswanze als Lästling in Paneeltafelhäusern. Anz Schädlingskde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 49:139–141
Haag-Wackernagel D, Bircher AJ (2010) Ectoparasites from feral pigeons affecting humans. Dermatology 220:82–92
Pinto LJ, Cooper R, Kraft SK (2007) Bed bug handbook. The complete guide to bed bugs and their control. Pinto & Associates, Inc., S 1–266
Bauer-Dubau C (2009) Bettwanzen (Cimex lectularius) und ihre gesundheitliche Bedeutung. Pest Control News 42:8–9
http://www.schadeberlin.de/aktuelles.php?a=27 (Zugegriffen: 28. Okt. 2013)
Seidel C, Reinhardt K (2013) Bugging forecast: unknown, disliked, occasionally intimate. Bed bugs in Germany meet unprepared people. PLoS One 8:1–6
Doggett SL, Dwyer DE, Peñas PF, Russell RC (2012) Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options. Clin Microbiol Rev 25:164–192
Goddard J, deShazo R (2009) Multiple feeding by the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, without sensitization. MidSouth Entomol 2:90–92
Gbakima AA, Terry BC, Kanja F et al (2002) High prevalence of bedbugs Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius in camps for internally displaced persons in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a pilot humanitarian investigation. West Afr J Med 21:268–271
Liebold K, Schliemann-Willers S, Wollina U (2003) Disseminated bullous eruption with systemic reaction caused by Cimex lectularius. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 17:461–463
deShazo RD, Feldlaufer MF, Mihm MC Jr, Goddard J (2012) Bullous reactions to bedbug bites reflect cutaneous vasculitis. Am J Med 125:688–694
Reinhardt K, Kempke D, Naylor A, Siva-Jothy MT (2009) Sensitivity to bites by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Med Vet Entomol 23:163–166
Sansom JE, Reynolds NJ, Peachey RDG (1992) Delayed reaction to bed bug bites. Arch Dermatol 128:272–273
Ogston CW, London WT (1980) Excretion of hepatitis B surface by the bedbug Cimex hemipterus Fabr. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74:823–825
Jupp PG, Purcell RH, Philipps JM et al (1991) Attempts to transmit hepatitis B virus to chimpanzees by arthropods. S Afr Med J 79:320–322
Jörg ME (1992) Cimex lectularius, L. (la chinche comun de cama) trasmisor de Trypanosoma cruzi. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 25:277–278
Burton GJ (1963) Bedbugs in relation to transmission of human diseases. Public Health Rep 78:513–524
Webb PA, Happ CM, Maupin GO et al (1989) Potential for insect transmission of HIV: experimental exposure of Cimex hemipterus and Toxorhynchites amboinensis to human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 160:970–977
Goddard J, deShazo R (2012) Psychological effects of bed bug attacks. Am J Med 125:101–103
Comack E, Lyons J (2011) What happens when the bed bugs do bite? The social impacts of a bed bug infestation on Winnipeg’s Inner-City residents. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives-Manitoba. http://www.policyalternatives.ca/ (Zugegriffen: 28. Okt. 2013)
Busvine JR (1958) Insecticide-resistance in bed-bugs. Bull World Health Organ 19:1041–1052
Moore DJ, Miller DM (2006) Laboratory evaluations of insecticide product efficacy for control of Cimex lectularius. J Econ Entomol 99:2080–2086
Yoon KS, Kwon DH, Strycharz JP et al (2008) Biochemical and molecular analysis of deltamethrin resistance in the common bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Med Entomol 45:1092–1101
Zhu F, Wigginton J, Romero A et al (2010) Widespread distribution of knockdown resistance mutations in the bed bug Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimidae), populations in the United States. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 73:245–257
Lilly DG, Doggett SL, Zalucki MP et al (2009) Bed bugs that bite back. Prof Pest Manag 13:22–24
Seong KM, Lee D-Y, Yoon KS et al (2010) Establishment of quantitative sequencing and filter contact vial bioassay for monitoring pyrethroid resistance in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. J Med Entomol 47:592–599
Adelman ZN, Kilcullen KA, Koganemaru R et al (2011) Deep sequencing of pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs reveals multiple mechanisms of resistance within a single population. PLoS One 6
Mamidala P, Wijeratne AS, Wijeratne S et al (2012) RNA-Seq and molecular docking reveal multi-level pesticide resistance in the bed bug. BMC Genomics 13:6
Zhu F, Gujar H, Gordon JR et al (2013) Bed bugs evolved unique adaptive strategy to resist pyrethroid insecticides. Sci Rep 3:1–8
Tawatsin A, Thavara U, Chompoosri J et al (2011) Insecticide resistance in bedbugs in Thailand and laboratory evaluation of insecticides for the control of Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Med Entomol 48:1023–1030
How YF, Lee CJ (2010) Survey of bed bugs in infested premises in Malaysia and Singapore. J Vector Ecol 35:89–94
Temu EA, Minjas JN, Shiff CJ, Majala A (1999) Bedbug control by permethrin-impregnated bednets in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 13:457–459
Paul J, Bates J (2000) Is infestation with the common bedbug increasing? BMJ 320:1141–1142
Sahil M, Laffitte E, Sudre P et al (2013) Bedbugs: know them better. Deal with them better. Rev Med Suisse 9:718–722
Kilpinen O, Vagn Jensen K-M, Kristensen M (2008) Bed bug problems in Denmark, with a European perspective. Proc Sixth Int Conf Urb Pests 395–399
Fuentes MV, Sainz-Elipe S, Sáez-Durán S, Galán-Puchades MT (2010) Bedbug infestations acquired whilst travelling in the European Union. Rev. Ibero-Latinoam Parasitol 69:204–209
Masetti M, Bruschi F (2007) Bedbug infestations recorded in Central Italy. Parasitol Int 56:81–83
Umweltbundesamt (2013) UBA-Ratgeber Bettwanzenbefall. http://www.biozid.info (Schädlingsratgeber). (Zugegriffen: 28. Okt. 2013)
Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien
Interessenkonflikt. C. Kuhn und A. Vander Pan geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Alle nationalen Richtlinien zur Haltung und zum Umgang mit Labortieren wurden eingehalten und die notwendigen Zustimmungen der zuständigen Behörden liegen vor.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kuhn, C., Vander Pan, A. Die weltweite Ausbreitung von Bettwanzen stellt auch in Deutschland ein Problem dar. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 57, 524–530 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-013-1922-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-013-1922-z