Abstract
Background
Femoral shaft fractures comprise around 4 % of all long-bone fractures in childhood. There is controversy about the treatment of fractures in children below 5 years, between those preferring non-operative methods, such as casting or traction, and those supporting elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN).
Methods
This retrospective study evaluates the day-by-day treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children aged 6–60 months in four major paediatric surgery trauma centres in Germany from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2011 by chart review. We analysed all patient-related data, causes of fracture, fracture type, treatment method and potential post-treatment complications.
Results
We identified 225 patients (male to female 2:1) with femoral shaft fractures. Around 2/3 of these resulted from falls of less than 1 m or 1–3 m, the most frequent result (>40 %) being a long spiral fracture. All 19 children below 1 year of age were treated by casting or traction. Between the ages of 12 and 24 months (n = 56), different treatment concepts were preferred (1/5 ESIN, 2/5 traction and 2/5 spica casting). Between 24 and 36 months, operative and non-operative therapies were equally distributed. In children older than 36 months (n = 64), most fractures were treated by ESIN: six children by external fixation and 14 by other treatments like spica casting, plate osteosynthesis or a combination of methods. 42 changes of treatment were performed: traction to spica casting or secondary operative treatment and 21 complications occurred (nails left in place for too long, skin defects or wound infections).
Conclusions
Spica casting of femoral shaft fractures or, in some cases, traction is still the preferred treatment in the first and second years of life. In the third year, children are treated operatively as well as non-operatively, although now there is no current evidence of better short-term outcomes in operatively treated children. But elastic stable intramedullary nailing is the standard treatment for femoral shaft fractures in children older than 3 years of age.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kamphaus A, Rapp M, Wessel LM, et al. Epidemiologie von Frakturen der langen Röhrenknochen im Kindesalter—Prospektive Erfassung unter Berücksichtigung der LiLa Klassifikation [Epidemiology of long bone fractures in children—prospective evaluation guided by the LiLa classification]. Päd. 2014;20:17–27.
Mäyränpää MK, Mäkitie O, Kallio PE. Decreasing incidence and changing pattern of childhood fractures: a population-based study. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25:2752–9.
Hedström EM, Svensson O, Bergström U, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in children and adolescents. Acta Orthopaedica. 2010;81:148–53.
Schalamon J, Dampf S, Singer G, Ainoedhofer H, Petnehazy T, Hoellwarth ME, Saxena AK. Evaluation of fractures in children and adolescents in a level I trauma center in Austria. J Trauma. 2011;71:E19–25.
Heyworth BE, Suppan CA, Kramer DE, et al. Management of pediatric diaphyseal femur fractures. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2012;5:120–5.
Brousil J, Hunter JB. Femoral fractures in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013;25:52–7.
Moroz LA, Launay F, Kocher MS, et al. Titanium elastic nailing of fractures of the femur in children. Predictors of complications and poor outcome. J Bone Joint Surg. 2006;88:1361–6.
Wright JG, Wang EE, Owen JL, et al. Treatment of paediatric femoral fractures: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365:1153–8.
Heffernan MJ, Gordon JE, Sabatini CS et al. Treatment of femur fractures in young children: a mulitcenter comparison of flexible intramedullary nails to spica casting in young children aged 2–6 years. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015;35:126–9.
Strohm P, Schmittenbecher PP. Femurschaftfrakturen bei Kindern unter 3 Jahren. Aktueller Behandungsstandard [Femoral shaft fractures in children under 3 years old. Current treatment standard]. Unfallchirurg. 2015;118:48–52.
Madhuri V, Dutt V, Gahukamble AD, et al. Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;7:CD009076. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009076.pub2.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Treatment of paediatric diaphyseal femur fractures. 2009. http://www.aaos.org/research/guidelines/pdffguideline.pdf. Accessed 22 May 2015.
Mubarak SH, Frick S, Sink E, et al. Volkmann contracture and compartment syndromes after femur fractures in children treated with 90790 spica casts. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26:567–72.
DiFazio R, Vessey J, Zurakowski D, et al. Incidence of skin complications and associated charges in children treated with hip spica casts for femur fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2011;31:17–22.
AWMF-Leitlinie Femurschaftfraktur. German Guidelines of the AWMF Study Group. 2014. http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/006-016l-S1_Femurschaftfraktur.pdf. Accessed 22 May 2015.
Braun W, Zerai H, Mayr E, et al. Pediatric femoral shaft fractures: effect of treatment procedure on results with reference to somatic and psychological aspects. Unfallchirurg. 1995;98:449–53.
Curtis JF, Killian JT, Alonso JE. Improved treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children utilizing the pontoon spica cast: a long-term follow-up. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15:36–40.
Stans AA, Morrissy RT, Renwick SE. Femoral shaft fracture treatment in patient’s age 6–16 years. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999;19:222–8.
Oh CW, Park BC, Kim PT, et al. Retrograde flexible intramedullary nailing in children’s femoral fractures. Int Orthop. 2002;26:52–5.
Sink EL, Gralla J, Repine M. Complications of pediatric femur fractures treated with titanium elastic nails: a comparison of fracture types. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25:577–80.
Rapp M, Albers K, Kaiser MM. Korrektureingriffe nach Operationen bei Femurschaftfrakturen im Kindesalter [Corrective procedures after operation of femoral shaft fractures in children]. Chir Praxis. 2011;73:499–512.
Salonen A, Lahdes-Vasama, Mattila VM, Välipakka J, Pajulo O. Pitfalls of femoral titanium elastic nailing. Scand J Surg. 2015;104:121–6.
Nectoux E, Giacomelli MC, Karger C, et al. Use of end caps in elastic stable intramedullary nailing of femoral and tibial unstable fractures in children: preliminary results in 11 fractures. J Child Orthop. 2008;2:309–14.
Kaiser MM, Zachert G, Wendlandt R, et al. Biomechanical analysis of a synthetic femoral spiral fracture model: do end caps improve retrograde flexible intramedullary nail fixation? J Orthop Surg Res. 2011;6:46.
Kaiser MM, Stratmann C, Zachert G, et al. Modification of elastic stable intramedullary nailing with a 3rd nail in a femoral spiral fracture model—results of biomechanical testing and a prospective clinical study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:3.
Saß AC, Poethko-Müller C, Rommel A, et al. Das Unfallgeschehen im Kindes- und Jugendalter—Aktuelle Prävalenzen, Determinanten und Zeitvergleich. Ergebnisse der KiGGS-Studie [Unintentional injuries in childhood and adolescence: current prevalence, determinants, and trends. Results of the KiGGS study]. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2014;57:789–97.
Heideken J, Svensson T, Blomqvist P, et al. Incidence and trends in femur shaft fractures in Swedish children between 1987 and 2005. J Pediatr Orthop. 2011;31:512–9.
Maguire S, Cowley L, Mann M, et al. What does the recent literature add to the identification and investigation of fractures in child abuse: an overview of review updates 2005–2013. Evid Based Child Health. 2013;8:2044–57.
Pierce MC, Bertocci GE, Janosky JE, et al. Femur fractures resulting from stair falls among children: an injury plausibility model. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1712–22.
Catena N, Sénès FM, Riganti S, et al. Diaphyseal femoral fractures below the age of 6 years: results of plaster application and long term follow up. Indian J Orthop. 2014;48:30–4.
Assaghir YM. Titanium elastic nail in femur fractures as an alternative to spica cast in preschoolers. J Child Orthop. 2012;6:505–11.
Acknowledgments
Marion Rapp conceived the study, participated in its design and directed the project. Friederike Grauel and Christoph Gielok managed the acquisition of data in each centre. Marion Rapp, Martin M. Kaiser and Peter Illing wrote the paper. Martin M. Kaiser and Peter Illing supplied important intellectual content in all phases of the project. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. We specially thank Judith Lindert for her support in the acquisition of data for the Luebeck centre.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Marion Rapp, Martin M. Kaiser, Friederike Grauel, Christoph Gielok and Peter Illing declare that no benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article and that they have no conflict of interest.
Compliance with ethical requirements
For this type of study formal consent is not required.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rapp, M., Kaiser, M.M., Grauel, F. et al. Femoral shaft fractures in young children (<5 years of age): operative and non-operative treatments in clinical practice. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 42, 719–724 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-015-0570-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-015-0570-4