Skip to main content
Log in

The Formal and the Informal in the History of Socialist Scholarly Interconnectedness in East Central Europe

Das Formelle und das Informelle in der Geschichte der sozialistischen Wissenschaftsverflechtung in Mittel- und Osteuropa

  • Artikel/Articles
  • Published:
NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin Aims and scope Submit manuscript
  • 1 Altmetric

Abstract

With the emergence of Olympic internationalism, scholarly networking in East Central Europe came to be dominated by the idea of scholars representing their nations, which replaced the previously leading pattern of private elite scholars with extensive international contacts. This also formalised trans-border contacts, which became increasingly seen as international. In this article, we trace the relationship between these formal and informal networks from the late 19th century to the end of the socialist period, showing that even as formalisation grew, it depended heavily on a variety of informal connections. Even during the period of socialism, when the state sought to control international exchange, scholars used informality to circumvent politically determined constraints. Nevertheless, these informal contacts were not outside the system, but were an integral part of it and depended on formal preconditions. Concentrating on Czechoslovak-Polish relations we argue that in addressing the issue of the relationship between the formal and the informal, a combination of sources must be used, which should then be scrutinised for the stories their authors wish to tell. While archival sources are used for the formal part, oral histories or memoirs reveal the informal part. In East Central Europe, formal sources are likely to ignore informality, especially when it was associated with illegality, whereas ego-documents, especially those produced after 1989, are likely to ignore or downplay connections to the state and overemphasise informality as a means of acting outside politics. Thus, writing the history of informality in socialist scholarship, not only in terms of international contacts but also in terms of everyday practices, is a way of developing counter-narratives to the state-centeredness of current research, which must be linked to a critical study of the contemporary memory of socialist scholarship that shapes the narratives told in oral history.

Zusammenfassung

Mit dem Aufkommen des olympischen Internationalismus wurde die wissenschaftliche Vernetzung in Ostmitteleuropa von der Idee dominiert, dass die Gelehrten ihre Nationen repräsentieren, was das bis dahin vorherrschende Muster der privaten Gelehrtenelite mit umfangreichen internationalen Kontakten ablöste. Damit wurden auch grenzüberschreitende Kontakte formalisiert, die zunehmend als international angesehen wurden. In diesem Artikel zeichnen wir das Verhältnis zwischen dem Formellen und dem Informellen vom späten 19. Jahrhundert bis zum Ende der sozialistischen Periode nach und zeigen, dass die zunehmende Formalisierung in hohem Maße von einer Vielzahl informeller Verbindungen abhing. Selbst in der Zeit des Sozialismus, als der Staat versuchte, den internationalen Austausch zu kontrollieren, nutzten die Wissenschaftler*Innen die Informalität, um politische Schranken zu umgehen. Dennoch standen diese informellen Kontakte nicht außerhalb des Systems, sondern waren ein integraler Bestandteil desselben und hingen von formalen Voraussetzungen ab. Mit Beispielen aus den tschechoslowakisch-polnischen Beziehungen argumentieren wir, dass bei der Untersuchung des Verhältnisses zwischen dem Formellen und dem Informellen eine Kombination von Quellen verwendet werden muss, die dann auf die Geschichten hin untersucht werden sollten, die sie erzählen wollen. Während Archivquellen für den formellen Teil verwendet werden, erzählt Oral History oder Memoiren den informellen Teil. In Ostmitteleuropa werden formelle Quellen die Informalität ignorieren, vor allem wenn sie mit Illegalität in Verbindung gebracht wird. Ego-Dokumente, vor allem solche, die nach 1989 entstanden sind, spielen die Verbindungen zum Staat herunter und überbetonen die Bedeutung der Informalität als Mittel zum Handeln außerhalb der Politik. Die Geschichte der Informalität in der sozialistischen Wissenschaft nicht nur in Bezug auf internationale Kontakte, sondern auch in Bezug auf Alltagspraktiken zu schreiben, dient dazu nicht nur Gegenerzählungen zur Staatszentriertheit der aktuellen Forschung zu entwickeln, muss aber mit einer kritischen Untersuchung des zeitgenössischen Gedächtnisses der sozialistischen Wissenschaft verknüpft werden, das die in den Interviews erzählten Geschichten prägt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Masaryk Institute and Archives of the Czech Academy of Sciences (further MIA CAS), Ústav pro filosofii a sociologii ČSAV (further ÚFS ČSAV), sociolog. sekce 63‑4, Report on Czechoslovak participation in the 15th World Philosophy Congress in Varna (Bulgaria), 19.–24.08.1974 (p. 5); Program: XV. World Congress of Philosophy 1973.

  2. Archive of Jan Patočka, Prague, Letter of Jan Patočka to Ludwig Langrebe from 3./4. October 1973.

  3. Gascoigne and Thornton (2014); Polanyi (2015); for a more recent use of this concept in STS, see Collins (2013).

  4. Manuscript collection of Poznań Society of Friends of Learning, Rkp 2451, Letter of Władysław Mieczysław Kozłowski to unnamed minister of education, undated [1923 or 1924].

  5. Letter from Tadeusz Kowalski to Jan Rypka 22.10.1946, in Dziurzyńska et al. (2007: 192).

  6. Cf. the protocol of the agreement of scientific cooperation between ČSAV and PAN, signed in Prague, 24.11.1955.

  7. For a more general discussion, see MIA CAS, Zahraniční odbor Úřadu prezidia ČSAV (fond); MIA CAS, I sekce ČSAV, No. 73, Proposals and recommendations for stays in particular socialist states, 1952–1961.

  8. See, for instance, the agreements from 1956 in Balcerak & Melichar (1985: 269–74).

  9. MIA CAS, ÚFS ČSAV, Sekr. Řed. 1970–73—5f, Protokol o jednání mezi zástupci zahraničních odborů Československé akademie věd a Polské akademie věd, 20.01.1974; MIA CAS, ÚFS ČSAV, Sekr. Řed. 1970–73—5f, letter of Radovan Richta to Jaroslav Kožešník from 29.05.1974.

  10. Archive of the Polish Academy of Sciences, W.264.40, j. 204, 1. soveshhanie predstavitelej akademij nauk socialisticheskih stran. Rabocha stenograma, 1–7 December 1965.

  11. Interview of Tomáš W. Pavlíček and Barbora Kulawiaková with Andrzej Sołtysiak, 29.09.2020, Poznań.

  12. Interview of Tomáš W. Pavlíček and Barbora Kulawiaková with Andrzej Sołtysiak, 29.09.2020; for similar reasoning, see Gerovitch (2023).

  13. “My Meetings with Jaroslav Zemánek—the way I remember them.” unpublished manuscript, private archive of Andrzej Sołtysiak.

  14. Interview of Tomáš W. Pavlíček with Hanna Stande Żelazko and Wiesław Żelazko, 27.06.2022, Warsaw, URL: https://entanglements.ihpan.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Zelazko-Wieslaw-i-Hanna-2022-06-27-edytacja_02_DRUK_SKROCONY.pdf (22.12.2023), p. 1, translation J.S, T.W.P.

  15. Such collaborative centres were established all across the Eastern Bloc, based on the previous expertise of institutes (mostly academies of science), and because of their generous funding and streamlined procedures, they became the foremost centres of socialist cooperation, frequently existing beyond 1989/1991 and sometimes in surprisingly unchanged forms. The historiography on these institutes is mostly commemorative, with the exception of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, which has attracted more historiographic attention.

  16. We are grateful to our colleague Barbora Kulawiaková for sharing her impression of interviews with scientists at the workshop on 21.06.2022 at the Institute for History of the PAN in Warsaw.

  17. Perspectives of Science of Science, nos. 2 and 3–4, 1967.

References

  • Ash, Mitchell G. and Jan Surman 2012. “The Nationalization of Scientific Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century Central Europe: An Introduction.” In: Mitchell G. Ash and Jan Surman (eds.): The Nationalization of Scientific Knowledge in the Habsburg Empire, 1848–1918. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK: 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balcerak, Wiesław and Václav Melichar 1985. Dokumenty i materiały do historii stosunków polsko-czechosłowackich. T. 1, 1944–1960. Cz. 2, 1949–1960. Wrocław etc: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, Gordon 2020. “Minding the Gap: Zhou Peiyuan, Dorothy Hodgkin, and the Durability of Sino-Pugwash Networks.” In: Alison Kraft and Carola Sachse (eds.): Science, (Anti‑)Communism and Diplomacy: The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs in the Early Cold War. Leiden: Brill: 190–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barsukova, Svetlana and Alena Ledeneva 2018. “Concluding Remarks to Volume 2: Are Some Countries More Informal than Others? The Case of Russia.” In: Anna Bailey, Sheelagh Barron, Costanza Curro, Elizabeth Teague and Alena Ledeneva (eds.): Global Encyclopaedia of Informality, Volume 2: Understanding Social and Cultural Complexity. London: UCL Press: 487–92.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bazin, Jérôme, Pascal Dubourg Glatigny, and Piotr Piotrowski (eds.) 2016. Art beyond Borders: Artistic Exchange in Communist Europe (1945–1989). Budapest, New York: Central European University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boedeker, Hans Erich 2002. „‚Sehen, Hören, Sammeln und Schreiben‘. Gelehrte Reisen im Kommunikationssystem der Gelehrtenrepublik.“ Paedagogica Historica 38 (2–3): 504–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borodziej, Włodzimierz, Jerzy Kochanowski and Joachim von Puttkamer 2010. „Einleitung: ‚Schleichwege‘. Fragestellungen und Probleme.“ In: Włodzimierz Borodziej, Jerzy Kochanowski and Joachim von Puttkamer (eds.): Schleichwege: Inoffizielle Begegnungen sozialistischer Staatsbürger zwischen 1956 und 1989. Köln: Böhlau: 9–21.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boym, Svetlana 1994. Common Places: Mythologies of Everyday Life in Russia. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Coen, Deborah R. 2007. “Liberal Reason and the Culture of the Sommerfrische.” Austrian History Yearbook 38: 145–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, Harry 2013. Tacit and Explicit Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, John 2000. Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech and Polish Higher Education, 1945–1956. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, Derek J. de Solla 1963. Little Science, Big Science. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Doležalová, Antonie and Mikuláš Teich 2021. Mikuláš Teich: Moje století (1918–2018). Praha: Galén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duda, Roman 2019. Historia matematyki w Polsce na tle dziejów nauki i kultury. Warszawa: Instytut Historii Nauki im. L. i A. Birkenmajerów Polskiej Akademii Nauk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ďurčanský, Marek 2005. “Władysław Mieczysław Kozłowski a česká filosofie.” In: Marek Ďurčanský (ed.): Slovanství a věda v 19. a 20. století. Praha: Archiv Akademie věd ČR, 55–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ďurčanský, Marek 2015. “Od niezgody do bratniej serdeczności i z powrotem: Wydział Filozoficzny Uniwersytetu Karola w Pradze a współpraca z nauką polską (1918–1938).” Historia Slavorum Occidentis 8 (1): 141–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dziurzyńska, Ewa, Marek Durčanský and Pavel Kodera (eds.) 2007. Korespondencja Tadeusza Kowalskiego z Janem Rypką i Bedřichem Hrozným. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, Miroslav, and Vladimír Müller 2000. “Professor Vlastimil Pták died.” Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 50 (2): 445–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gascoigne, Neil and Tim Thornton 2014. Tacit Knowledge. Oxfordshire: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gecko, Tomáš 2019. “Domy vědeckých pracovníků (Liblice, Bechyně, Tupadly a Lanna).” In: Martin Franc and Věra Dvořáčková (eds.): Dějiny Československé akademie věd. 1: 1952–1962. Praha: Academia, 654–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerovitch, Slava 2013. “Parallel Worlds: Formal Structures and Informal Mechanisms of Postwar Soviet Mathematics.” Historia Scientiarum 22 (3): 181–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerovitch, Slava 2020. “«Matematicheskij raj»: parallel’naja social’naja infrastruktura poslevoennoj sovetskoj matematiki [‘Mathematical Paradise’: The Parallel Social Infrastructure of Post-war Soviet Mathematics].” Filosofsko-literaturnyj zhurnal «Logos» 30 (2): 93–128. https://doi.org/10.22394/0869-5377-2020-2-93-123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerovitch, Slava 2023. “‘We Live in a Prison’: Informal International Contacts of Soviet Mathematicians.” Presentation at the international conference The Sputnik Factor. Scientific and Technological Global Competition, Collaboration and Circulation of Knowledge in the post-Sputnik years, Barcelona, May 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerovitch, Slava 2024. “The Kitchen and the Dacha: Productive Spaces of Soviet Mathematics.” Studia Historiae Scientiarum 23 (in print)

  • Gordin, Michael D. 2020. Einstein in Bohemia. Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Górny, Maciej 2013. The Nation Should Come First: Marxism and Historiography in East Central Europe. Frankfurt am Main, New York: Peter Lang Edition.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Górny, Maciej 2019. Science Embattled: Eastern European Intellectuals and the Great War. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, Loren R 1975. “The Formation of Soviet Research Institutes: A Combination of Revolutionary Innovation and International Borrowing.” Social Studies of Science 5 (3): 303–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hálek, Jan (ed.) 2011. Ve znamení “bdělosti a ostražitosti”: zahraniční styky a emigrace pracovníků ČSAV v dobových dokumentech (1953–1971). Praha: Masarykův ústav a Archiv AV ČR.

    Google Scholar 

  • te Heesen, Anke 2020. “Thomas S. Kuhn, Earwitness: Interviewing and the Making of a New History of Science.” Isis 111 (1): 86–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • te Heesen, Anke 2022. Revolutionäre im Interview: Thomas Kuhn, Quantenphysik und Oral History. Berlin: Verlag Klaus Wagenbach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horrocks, Sally 2020. “Oral History of British Science and Transnational History.” 2020. URL: https://blogs.bl.uk/sound-and-vision/2020/07/oral-history-of-british-science-and-transnational-history.html (22.12.2023).

  • Jansen, Axel, Andreas Franzmann and Peter Münte (eds.) 2015. Legitimizing Science: National and Global Publics (1800–2010). Frankfurt am Main: Campus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessen, Ralph and Jakob Vogel (eds.) 2002. Wissenschaft und Nation in der europäischen Geschichte. Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp-Welch, Klara 2018. Networking the Bloc: Experimental Art in Eastern Europe 1965–1981. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konieczny, Matthew 2012. “‘Polska fizyka’ i droga do ‘europejskiej’ teorii kwantowej: Władysław Natanson i Pierwsza Konferencja Solvaya w 1911 r .” Prace Komisji Historii Nauki PAU 11: 69–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kossow, Marjan 1932. Úkoly kulturní spolupráce československo-polské. Mladá Boleslav: Národní zájmy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreuder-Sonnen, Katharina 2016. “From Transnationalism to Olympic Internationalism: Polish Medical Experts and International Scientific Exchange, 1885–1939.” Contemporary European History 25 (2): 207–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kronick, David A. 2001. “The Commerce of Letters: Networks and ‘Invisible Colleges’ in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Europe.” The Library Quarterly 71 (1): 28–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulawiaková, Barbora and Tomáš W. Pavlíček (2021). “The Training of the Czech Mathematician Jaroslav Kurzweil with Władysław Orlicz in Poland.” Antiquitates Mathematicae 15 (2) 2: 181–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulawiaková, Barbora and Tomáš W. Pavlíček (2023). “Andrzej Sołtysiak: ‘The best way for you is to study math, you just put some chalk in your pocket, go to the classroom and don’t care.’ Choosing the field of studies—the entangled cooperation between Polish and Czech mathematicians.” Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej, 13, 198–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laskosz, Joanna and Jan Chodějovský (eds.) 2019. Korespondence Waleryho Goetela s Radimem Kettnerem = Korespondencja Walerego Goetla z Radimem Kettnerem = Correspondence between Walery Goetel and Radim Kettner. Praha, Kraków: Masarykův ústav a Archiv AV ČR, v.v.i., Polska Akademia Umiejętności i Archiwum Nauki PAN i PAU.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledeneva, Alena 2018. “Introduction: The Informal View of the World—Key Challenges and Main Findings of the Global Informality Project.” In: Alena Ledeneva, Anna Bailey, Sheelagh Barron, Costanza Curro, and Elizabeth Teague (eds.): Global Encyclopaedia of Informality, Volume 1: Towards Understanding of Social and Cultural Complexity. London: UCL Press: 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legeżyńska, Anna 2014. “Krajobraz poboloński. Widok z okna poznańskiego nauczyciela (akademickiego).” Teksty Drugie, no. 1: 228–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lem, Pola 2022. “Russia Bars Academics from International Conferences.” Times Higher Education, March 22, 2022. URL: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/russia-bars-academics-international-conferences (22.12.2023).

  • Lewkowicz, Łukasz 2014. “Polsko-czechosłowackie konwencje turystyczne jako przykład współpracy transgranicznej.” Sprawy Narodowościowe, 45: 125–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Löwy, Ilana 1990. “Yellow Fever in Rio de Janeiro and the Pasteur Institute Mission (1901–1905): The Transfer of Science to the Periphery.” Medical History 34 (2): 144–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matouš, Milan 2019. “Tři čtvrtě století komunistou.” KOMINTERNet. URL: http://dialog.kominternet.cz/e-knihy/ (22.12.2024).

  • Míšková, Alena 1986. “Vytváření mezinárodní vědecké spolupráce ČSAV v letech 1952–1961.” Práce z dějin Československé akademie věd – Studia Historiae Academiae Scientiarum Bohemoslovacae 1: 175–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Míšková, Alena, Martin Franc, Antonín Kostlán, Melvyn Clarke and Hana Jirkalová (eds.) 2018. Bohemia Docta: The Historical Roots of Science and Scholarship in the Czech Lands. First edition. Historie. Praha: Academia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misztal, Barbara A. 2000. Informality: Social Theory and Contemporary Practice. London, New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orth, Karin 2016. Die NS-Vertreibung der Jüdischen Gelehrten: Die Politik der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und die Reaktionen der Betroffenen. Göttingen: Wallstein.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasztor, Maria and Dariusz Jarosz 2015. “Stosunki polsko-francuskie 1986–1989.” Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 2(51): 353–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patočka, Jan 2007. “Jan Patočka - Briefe an Krzysztof Michalski.” Studia Phaenomenologica 7 (1): 99–161.

  • Pavlíček, Tomáš W., Petra Hyklová and Martin Šolc 2024. Astronomers behind the Iron Curtain: The First Postwar Generation in Czechoslovakia. Praha: Matfyzpress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pick, Dominik. 2010. „Die Gesellschaftliche Dimension der Westdeutsch-Polnischen Beziehungen in der Zeit der neuen Ostpolitik.“ In: Friedhelm Boll, Krzysztof Ruchniewicz and Peter Beule (eds.):„Nie mehr eine Politik über Polen hinweg“: Willy Brandt und Polen. Bonn: Dietz: 183–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleskot, Patryk 2010. “Jak wyjechać na Zachód? Procedury wyjazdów polskich uczonych do państw kapitalistycznych z ramienia uczelni wyższych i PAN w latach 1955–1989.” In: Piotr Franaszek (ed.): Naukowcy władzy, władza naukowcom. Studia. Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej: 292–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, Michael 2015. Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Profant, Martin 2019. “O jednom vyústění české otázky neboli Švejk a duchovní člověk.” In: Milan Hanyš and Tomáš W. Pavlíček (eds.): Dějiny, smysl a modernita. K 75. narozeninám Miloše Havelky. Praha: Masarykův ústav a Archiv AV ČR, Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta humanitních studií: 63–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogacheva, Maria A. 2017. The Private World of Soviet Scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rogacheva, Maria A. 2020. Soviet Scientists Remember: Oral Histories of the Cold War Generation. Lanham: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohde, Martin 2021. „Nationale Wissenschaft zwischen zwei Imperien: die Ševcenko-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1892–1918.“ Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Scott-Smith, Giles 2015. “Opening up Political Space. Informal Diplomacy, East-West Exchanges, and the Helsinki Process.” In: Simo Mikkonen and Pia Koivunen (eds.): Beyond the Divide: Entangled Histories of Cold War Europe. Oxford, New York: Berghahn Books: 23–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Słodkowski, Zbigniew, Wojciech Wojtyński and Jaroslav Zemánek 1977. “A Note on Quasinilpotent Elements of a Banach Algebra.” Bulletin de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences, série des Sciences mathématiques, astronomiques et physiques 25 (January).

    Google Scholar 

  • Somsen, Geert J. 2008. “A History of Universalism: Conceptions of the Internationally of Science from the Enlightenment to the Cold War.” Minerva 46 (3): 361–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soukup, Josef 2017. “Zpráva příslušníka 2. oddělení 1. odboru II. správy FMV mjr. Josefa Soukupa o účasti prof. Jana Patočky na XV. světovém kongresu filosofů ve Varně v září 1973, 12. květen 1974.” In: Petr Blažek (ed.): “Kéž je to všecko ku prospěchu obce!”: Jan Patočka v dokumentech Státní bezpečnosti = Everything for the benefit of the community: Jan Patočka in State security documents. Praha: Akademie věd České republiky, OIKOYMENH: 81–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Šťastná, Věra 2018. “Vliv Boloňského procesu na české vysoké školství se zřetelem k vývoji Univerzity Karlovy.” PhD Dissertation, Prague: Charles University. URL: https://dspace.cuni.cz/handle/20.500.11956/99519 (22.12.2023).

  • Steffen, Katrin 2021. Blut und Metall: Die transnationalen Wissensräume von Ludwik Hirszfeld und Jan Czochralski im 20. Jahrhundert. Göttingen: Wallstein.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sułek, Antoni 2023. “Wokół opowieści Jerzego Wiatra o życiu własnym i socjologii w Polsce socjalizmu realnego.” Studia Socjologiczne 1(248): 175–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Surman, Jan 2014. “Divided Space—Divided Science? Closing and Transcending Scientific Boundaries in Central Europe between 1860 and 1900.” In: Boyd W. Rayward (ed.): Information Beyond Borders: International Cultural and Intellectual Exchange in the Belle Époque. Burlington-Surrey: Ashgate: 69–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Surman, Jan 2019. Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918: A Social History of a Multilingual Space. Central European Studies. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Surman, Jan 2022. “Science Interconnected: German-Polish Scientific Entanglements in Newer History.” In: Jan Surman et al. (eds). Knowledge Interconnected: German-Polish Scholarly Entanglements in Modern History. Marburg: Verlag Herder Institut: 37–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Surman, Jan and Daria Petushkova 2022. “Between Westernization and Traditionalism: Central and Eastern European Academia during the Transformation in the 1990s.” Studia Historiae Scientiarum 21: 435–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szacka, Barbara, and Anna Sawisz 1990. Czas Przeszły i Pamięć Społeczna: Przemiany Świadomości Historycznej Inteligencji Polskiej 1965–1988. Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski. Instytut Socjologii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szumski, Jan 2016. Polityka a historia: ZSRR wobec nauki historycznej w Polsce w latach 1945–1964. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vít, Jan 2017. Jan Patočka. Praha: Center of Administration and Operation CAS, v. v. i.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrbová, Pavla 1985. “Sixty Years of Professor Vlastimil Pták.” Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 35 (4): 662–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasiak, Patryk 2010. „Schleichwege in der Galerie. Ausstellungen Verbotener Künstler aus Ungarn, der Tschechoslowakei und der DDR in polnischen Autorengalerien.“ In: Włodzimierz Borodziej, Jerzy Kochanowski and Joachim von Puttkamer (eds.): Schleichwege: inoffizielle Begegnungen sozialistischer Staatsbürger zwischen 1956 und 1989. Köln: Böhlau: 293–312.

  • Watson, James D. 1968. The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. New York: Atheneum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiatr, Jerzy J., and Paweł Kozłowski 2022. O socjologii w Polsce Ludowej rozmów jedenaście. Warszawa: Instytut Historii Nauki im. Ludwika i Aleksandra Birkenmajerów Polskiej Akademii Nauk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wichterle, Otto 1994. Recollections. Translated by Blažena Kukulišová. Prague: Evropský kulturní klub.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, Zbigniew 2021. “Głos w dyskusji z okazji 50-lecia Instytutu Politologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław, Ul. Koszarowa 3, Aula C, Panel: “Rynkowe wcielenie politologa”, 21 listopada 2019 roku, godz. 11.00 (uzupełniony w 2020 roku).” Studia Orientalne 19 (1): 149–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zehelein, Eva-Sabine 2009. “James Watson and Rosalind Franklin: The Backlash of Gendered Marginalization.” In: Jane Jordan and Meg Jensen (eds.): Life Writing: The State of the Art and The Spirit of the Age. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing: 87–98.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This article was written as a part of the joint research project of the National Science Centre, Poland (OPUS 2020/39/I/HS3/03589) and Czech Science Foundation (GA ČR 21-45624L), entitled “Czechoslovak-Polish Scholarly Entanglements in the Cold War: Between High Politics and Individual Strategies”. We are thankful to the participants of the project and to two anonymous NTM reviewers for comments on earlier versions of the text, as well as to Mark Worthington for language editing.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jan Surman.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Surman, J., Pavlíček, T.W. The Formal and the Informal in the History of Socialist Scholarly Interconnectedness in East Central Europe. N.T.M. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00048-024-00387-0

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00048-024-00387-0

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation