Abstract
A series of 6-substituted 2-[(4-methylene-5-oxo-2-(4-substituted phenyl) tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-diones (5, 6) and 2,4-bis[(4-methylene-5-oxo-2-(4-substituted phenyl) tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-diones (9, 10) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The synthesis of these compounds involved the Reformatsky-type reaction between ethyl α-(bromomethyl)acrylate and the proper ketones. Among these compounds, 2-[(4-methylene-5-oxo-2-phenyl tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione (5a) is the most active compound and shown the selective inhibition activity against Proteus vulgaris.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cavallito CJ, Haskell TH (1946) Alpha-methylene butyrolactone from Erythronium americanum. J Am Chem Soc 68:2332–2334
Chen IS, Lai-Yaun IL, Duh CY, Tsai IL (1998) Cytotoxic butanolides from Litsea akoensis. Phytochemistry 49:745–750
Creasey WA, Fink ME, Handschumacher RE, Calabresi P (1963) Clinical and pharmacological studies with 2′,3′,5′-triacetyl-6-azauridine. Cancer Res 23:444–453
Ellison RR, Tan CT, Murphy ML, Krakoff IH (1960) Clinical investigations of 6-azathymine a thymine analog. Cancer Res 20:435–442
Falke D, Rada B (1970) 6-Azauridine as an inhibitor of the synthesis of Herpesvirus hominis. Acta Virol 14:115–123
Gaito RA, Prusoff WH (1962) Studies on the metabolism of thymine and 6-azathymine. Biochem Pharmacol 11:323–336
Ghose AK, Crippen GM (1986) Atomic physicochemical parameters for 3-dimensional structure-directed quantitative structure–activity relationships. 1. Partition-coefficients as a measure of hydrophobicity. J Comput Chem 7:565–577
Gunther HL, Prusoff WH (1967) Effect of 6-azathymine on the isolation and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol 94:2067–2068
Hoffmann HMR, Rabe J (1985) Synthesis and biological activity of alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 24:94–110
Hwang LC, Wei DC, Han CH, Lee KH, Tzeng CC (1994) Condensed as-triazines. 4. Synthesis of 2-amino-9-benzyl-6-azapurine (3-amino-5-benzyl-5H-imidazo[4,5-e]-as-triazine). J Chem Res (S) 121. J Chem Res (M) 831–842
Jane DE, Hoo K, Kamboj R, Deverill M, Bleakman D, Mandelzys A (1997) Synthesis of willardiine and 6-azawillardiine analogs: pharmacological characterization on cloned homomeric human AMPA and kainate receptor subtypes. J Med Chem 40:3645–3650
Kim JC, Kim JA, Park JI, Kim SH, Kim SH, Choi SK, Park WW (1997) Potential antitumor alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone bearing nucleic acid bases. 2. Synthesis of 5′-methyl-5′-[2-(5-substituted uracil-1-yl)ethyl]-2′-oxo-3′-methylenetetrahydrofurans. Arch Pharm Res 20:253–258
Kupchan SM, Fessler DC, Eakin MA, Giacobbe TJ (1970) Reactions of alpha methylene lactone tumor inhibitors with model biological nucleophiles. Science 168:376–378
Langer SH, Connell S, Wender I (1958) Preparation and properties of trimethylsilyl ethers and related compounds. J Org Chem 23:50–58
Lee KH, Huang BR (2003) Three-dimensional pharmacophore mapping of certain anticancer alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones. Oncol Res 13:471–478
Lee KH, Hall IH, Mar EC, Starnes CO, Elgebaly SA, Waddell TG, Hadgraft RI, Ruffner CG, Weidner I (1977) Antitumor agents. 20. Sesquiterpene antitumor agents: inhibitors of cellular metabolism. Science 196:533–536
Lee KH, Rice GK, Hall IH, Amarnath V (1987) Antitumor agents. 86. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone bearing purines. J Med Chem 30:586–588
Lee KH, Huang BR, Chen YL, Tzeng CC (1993) Condensed as-triazine. 2. Synthesis of 7-phenyldihydro-[2,3-e]-as-triazines and tetrahydropyrazino-[2,3-e]-as-triazines. Heterocycles 36:2577–2589
Lee KH, Huang BR, Tzeng CC (1999) Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of certain alpha-methylene-gamma-(4-substituted phenyl)-gamma-butyrolactone bearing thymine, uracil, and 5-bromouracil. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 9:241–244
Lipinski CA (2000) Drug-like properties and the causes of poor solubility and poor permeability. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 44:235–249
Luo MZ, Liu MC, Mozdziesz DE, Lin TS, Dutschman GE, Gullen EA, Cheng YC, Sartorelli AC (2000) Synthesis and biological evaluation of L- and D-configuration 1, 3-dioxolane 5-azacytosine and 6-azathymine nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 10:2145–2148
Maiti G, Roy SC (1996) Total synthesis of (±)-methylenolactocin by radical cyclisation of an epoxide using a transition-metal radical. J Chem Soc-Perkin Trans 1:403–404
Mandal PK, Maiti G, Roy SC (1998) Stereoselective synthesis of polysubstituted tetrahydrofurans by radical cyclization of epoxides using a transition-metal radical source. Application to the total synthesis of (±)-methylenolactocin and (±)-protolichesterinic acid. J Org Chem 63:2829–2834
Miller MW, Mylari BL, Howes HL, Figdor SK, Lynch MJ, Lynch JE, Gupta SK, Chappel LR, Koch RC (1981) Anticoccidial derivatives of 6-azauracil. 4. A 1000-fold enhancement of potency by phenyl sulfide and phenyl sulfone side-chains. J Med Chem 24:1337–1342
Nollet AJH, Pandit UK (1969) Unconventional nucleotide analogues. 3. 4-(N1-pyrimidyl)-2-aminobutyric acids. Tetrahedron 25:5989–5992
O’Shea R, Moser HE (2008) Physicochemical properties of antibacterial compounds: implications for drug discovery. J Med Chem 51:2871–2878
Payne DJ, Gwynn MN, Holmes DJ, Pompliano DL (2007) Drugs for bad bugs: confronting the challenges of antibacterial discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6:29–40
Prusoff WH, Welch AD (1956) Studies on the mechanism of action 6-azathymine. II. Azathymine deoxyriboside, a microbial inhibitor. J Biol Chem 218:929–939
Sanyal U, Mitra S, Pal P, Chakraborti SK (1986) New alpha-methylene gamma-lactone derivatives of substituted nucleic acid bases as potential anticancer agents. J Med Chem 29:595–599
Sidwell RW, Dixon GJ, Sellers SM, Schabel FM Jr (1968) In vivo antiviral properties of biologically active compounds. II. Studies with influenza and vaccinia viruses. Appl Microbiol 16:370–392
Slob A (1973) Tulip allergens in Alstroemeria and some other liliiflorae. Phytochemistry 12:811–815
Spring O, Albert K, Gradmann W (1981) Annuithrin, a new biologically active germacranolide from Helianthus annuus. Phytochemistry 20:1883–1885
Tzeng CC, Lee KH, Wang TC, Han CH, Chen YL (2000) Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of a series of gamma-substituted gamma-aryloxymethyl-alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones against cancer cells. Pharm Res 17:715–719
van Rossum MWPC, Alberda M, van der Plas LHW (1998) Tulipaline and tuliposide in cultured explants of tulip bulb scales. Phytochemistry 49:723–729
Walters TR, Aur RJ, Hernandez K, Vietti T, Pinkel D (1972) 6-Azauridine in combination chemotherapy of childhood acute myelocytic leukemia. Cancer 29:1057–1060
Wei DC, Hwang LC, Han CH, Lee KH, Tzeng CC (1993) Condensed as-triazine. 3. Synthesis of 2-amino-6-azapurine (3-aminoimidazo[4,5-e]-as-triazine) as a potential antitumor agent. Heterocycles 36:2733–2743
Wiegand I, Hilpert K, Hancock REW (2008) Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. Nat Protoc 3:163–175
Xu J, Stevenson J (2000) Drug-like index: a new approach to measure drug-like compounds and their diversity. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 40:1177–1187
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the National Center for High-performance Computing and the Center of Resources, Research and Development of Kaohsiung Medical University for computer time and facilities the technical supports.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, PJ., Lee, KH. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 6-azapyrimidines with α-methylene-γ-(4-substituted phenyl)-γ-butyrolactone pharmacophores. Med Chem Res 20, 1081–1090 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-010-9438-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-010-9438-7