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A review on ‘triazoles’: their chemistry, synthesis and pharmacological potentials

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Abstract

Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic compounds as an atom of ring members with at least two different elements. In the five-membered aromatic azole chain, triazole compounds containing two carbon and three nitrogen atoms are readily capable of binding in the biological system with a variety of enzymes and receptors and thus show versatile biological activities. In the 1960s, the Janseen Group discovered the first compound of this class. Triazole commonly called pyrrodiazole is nitrogenous heterocyclic moiety and has molecular formula C2H3N3. Triazole nucleus is present as a central structural component in a number of drug classes such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiepileptic, antihypertensive, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antianxiety and antitubercular. The commercially available triazole-containing drugs are fluconazole, voriconazole (antifungal), trazodone, nefazodone (antidepressant), trapidil (antihypertensive), estazolam (sedative-hypnotic), rufinamide (antiepileptic) and so on. This paper aims to analyze the synthesis and pharmacological activities recorded in the current literature for triazole derivatives.

Graphical abstract

Along with the therapeutic importance of triazole derivatives as confirmed in the literature, it was decided to synthesize and study their antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiviral potential of substituted 1,2,4-triazole analogues. The literature-based design of triazole moiety is present in Fig 1.

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All data are provided in the manuscript or cited in the references.

Abbreviations

MP:

Melting point

BP:

Boiling point

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

HeLA:

Henrietta lacks

DPPH:

2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

BHA:

Butylated hydroxy anisole

BHT:

Butylated hydroxy toluene

IC50 :

Half maximal inhibitory concentration

SC50 :

Half maximal stimulatory concentration

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

CPE:

Carrageenan paw edema

PMNL:

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

5-Fu:

5-Fluorouracil

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Acknowledgement

Thanks to Head Prof. Sanju Nanda, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, for providing library and internet facilities, etc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India

    Deepali Dixit, Prabhakar Kumar Verma & Rakesh Kumar Marwaha

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  1. Deepali Dixit
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PKV and RKM endeavored and accomplished the scheme; DD completed review work and wrote manuscript.

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Correspondence to Prabhakar Kumar Verma or Rakesh Kumar Marwaha.

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Dixit, D., Verma, P.K. & Marwaha, R.K. A review on ‘triazoles’: their chemistry, synthesis and pharmacological potentials. J IRAN CHEM SOC 18, 2535–2565 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-021-02231-x

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