Ali H. Mokdad, PhD (corresponding author), Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, MD, Department of Community Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Preventative Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Charbel El Bcheraoui, PhD, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Ibrahim Khalil, PhD, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Raghid Charara, MD, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Ashkan Afshin, MD, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Haidong Wang, PhD, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Michael Collison, BS, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Kristopher J. Krohn, BA, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Adrienne Chew, ND, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Farah Daoud, BA/BS, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Christopher D. Blosser, MD, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Leslie Cornaby, BS, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Kyle J. Foreman, PhD, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States; Imperial College London, London, UK. Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States. Laura Kemmer, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Michael Kutz, BS, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Patrick Liu, BA, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Ben Zipkin, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Johan Ärnlöv, PhD, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden. Kalkidan Hassen Abate, MS, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia. Alireza Ahmadi, PhD, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Hamid Ahmadieh, MD, Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Muktar Beshir Ahmed, MPH, College of Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, ICT and e-Learning Coordinator, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromiya, Ethiopia. Ziyad Al-Aly, MD, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States. Khurshid Alam, PhD, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Austraila; The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Austraila. Deena Alasfoor, MSc, Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Muscat, Oman. Raghib Ali, FRCP, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, PhD, Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. Juma M. Alkaabi, FRCP, College of Medicine and Health Sciences UAEU, ALAIN UAE, Abu Zaby, UAE. Ala'a Alkerwi, PhD, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg. Rajaa Al-Raddadi, PhD, Joint Program of Family and Community Medicine, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Khalid A. Altirkawi, MD, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Nelson Alvis-Guzman, PhD, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Erfan Amini, MD, Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nahla Anber, PhD, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. Palwasha Anwari, MD, Self-employed, Kabul, Kabul, Afghanistan. Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, PhD, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Tesfay Mehari Atey, MS, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Leticia Avila-Burgos, PhD, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Ashish Awasthi, PhD, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Peter Azzopardi, MEpi, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA; Centre for International Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Till Bärnighausen, MD, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. Umar Bacha, PhD, School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Aleksandra Barac, PhD, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, PhD, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States. Neeraj Bedi, MD, College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Derbew Fikadu Berhe, MS, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. Addisu Shunu Beyene, MPH, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Oromia, Ethiopia. Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, PhD, Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. Boris Bikbov, PhD, Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Haramaya University, Harar,Oromia,Ethiopia. Mulugeta M. Birhanu, MS, University of Groningen, UMCG,Groningen,Groningen,Netherlands;Mekelle University,Mekelle,Ayder 03,Ethiopia. Zahid A. Butt, PhD,Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital,RawalpindiPunjab, Pakistan. Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, PhD, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca,Morelos, Mexico. David O. Carpenter, MD, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, United States. Juan Jesus Carrero, PhD,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Jee-Young Jasmine/J Choi, PhD, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea. Hadi Danawi, PhD, Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Samath D. Dharmaratne, MD, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Eric L. Ding, ScD, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Shirin Djalalinia, PhD, Undersecretary for Research & Technology,Ministry of Health & Medical Education,Tehran,Tehran,Iran. Kerrie E. Doyle, PhD, RMIT University,Bundoora,VIC,Australia;Australian National University,Canberra,ACT,Australia. Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Tehran,Iran;Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Tehran,Iran. Aman Yesuf Endries, MPH, Arba Minch University,Arba Minch,SNNPR,Ethiopia. Alireza Esteghamati, MD,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran. Maryam S. Farvid, PhDDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University,Boston,MA, United States; Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,MA, United States. Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, PhD,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS),Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm, Sweden. Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa, MPH, Wollega University,Nekemte,Oromia,Ethiopia. Florian Fischer, PhD, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University,Bielefeld,North Rhine-Westphalia,Germany. Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, MPH, Jimma University,Jimma,Oromia,Ethiopia. Philimon N. Gona, PhD, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Sameer Vali Gopalani, MPH, Department of Health and Social Affairs,Government of the Federated States of Micronesia,Palikir, Pohnpei,Federated States of Micronesia. Bishal Gyawali, MPH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Kathmandu, Nepal. Nima Hafezi-Nejad, MD, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Tehran,Iran. Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, DPhil, Arabian Gulf University,Manama, Bahrain. Samer Hamidi, DrPH, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, UAE. Masako Horino, MPH, Bureau of Child, Family & Community Wellness, Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States. Mohamed Hsairi, MD, Department of Epidemiology, Salah Azaiz Institute, Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia. Mihajlo B. Jakovljevic, PhD, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac Kragujevac, Central Serbia-Sumadija, Serbia, The Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, Institute for Health
Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Aida Jimenez-Corona, PhD, Department
of Ocular Epidemiology and Visual Health, Institute of Ophthalmology Condede Valencia, Mexico City, Mexico, General Directorate of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Denny John, MPH, International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, Delhi, India. Jost B. Jonas, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany, Germany. Amir Kasaeian, PhD, Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Andre Pascal Kengne, PhD, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. Ezra Belay Ketema, MS, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Yousef Saleh Khader, ScD, Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Irbid, Jordan. Ejaz Ahmad Khan, MD, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Daniel Kim, DrPH, Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Yun Jin Kim, PhD, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Southern University College, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. Yohannes Kinfu, PhD, Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Katarzyna A. Kissimova-Skarbek, PhD, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. Ai Koyanagi, MD, Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain. Heidi J. Larson, PhD, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States. Anders Larsson, PhD, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Yongmei Li, PhD, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States. Paulo A. Lotufo, DrPH, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Raimundas Lunevicius, PhD, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Azeem Majeed, MD, Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, UK. Reza Malekzadeh, MD, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Deborah Carvalho Malta, PhD, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mohsen Mazidi, PhD, Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Ziad A. Memish, MD, Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Walter, Mendoza, MD, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru. Mubarek Abera Mengistie, MS, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia. George A. Mensah, MD, Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States. Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, MS, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Ted R. Miller, PhD, Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Centre for Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia. Muktar Sano Kedir Mohammed, MS, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia. Shafiu Mohammed, PhD, Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Baden Wuettemberg, Germany. Ulrich O. Mueller, PhD, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany. Gabriele Nagel, PhD, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. Cuong Tat Nguyen, MSc, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam. Quyen Le Nguyen, MD, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam. Vuong Minh Nong, MSc, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam. Jean Jacques N. Noubiap, MD, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, Medical Diagnostic Centre, Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon. Felix Akpojene Ogbo, MPH, Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Alberto Ortiz, PhD, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain. Erika Ota, PhD, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Tejas Patel, MD, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, United States. Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard, MD, Imperial College London, London, UK; Liverpool, UK. Norberto Perico, MD, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy. Max Petzold, PhD, Health Metrics Unit, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Farhad Pishgar, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Farshad Pourmalek, PhD, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Mostafa Qorbani, PhD, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, MD, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Rajesh Kumar Rai, MPH, Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, West Bengal, India. Saleem M. Rana, PhD, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. David Laith Rawaf, MD, MBBS, WHO Collaborating Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK, North Hampshire Hospitals, Basingstroke, UK, University College London Hospitals, London, UK. Salman Rawaf, MD, Imperial College London, London, UK. Giuseppe Remuzzi, MD, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy; Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale, Papa GiovanniXXIII, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Andre M. N. N. Renzaho, PhD, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia; NSW, Australia. Satar Rezaei, PhD, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Gholamreza Roshandel, PhD, Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Dietrich Rothen bacher, MD, Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. Mahdi Safdarian, MD, Sina Trauma & Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Sare Safi, MS, Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saeid Safiri, PhD, Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran. Mohammad Ali Sahraian, MD, MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Payman Salamati, MD, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Abdallah M. Samy, PhD, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, Lawrence, Kansas, United States. Juan Ramon Sanabria, MD, J Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall Univeristy, Huntington, WV, United States; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States. Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, PhD, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Milena M. Santric Milicevic, PhD, Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, Serbia; Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, Serbia. Benn Sartorius, PhD, Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa. Sadaf G. Sepanlou, PhD, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Masood Ali Shaikh, MD, Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan. Diego Augusto Santos Silva, PhD, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC-Santacatarina, Brazil. Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, MD, Brasília University, Brasília, DF, Brazil. Badr H. A. Sobaih, MD, King Saud University, Riyadh, Middleprovince, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, MD, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Incliva Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, PhD, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Mohamad-Hani Temsah, MD, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Roman Topor-Madry, PhD, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. Bach Xuan Tran, PhD, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States; Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam. Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Olalekan A. Uthman, PhD, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. Job F. M. van Boven, PhD, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. Tolassa Wakayo, MS, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia. Andrea Werdecker, PhD, Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal
Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Hessen, Germany. Abdulhalik Workicho, MPH, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Mohsen Yaghoubi, MA, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Yuichiro Yano, MD, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States. Mehdi Yaseri, PhD, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Naohiro Yonemoto, MPH, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Mustafa Z. Younis, DrPH, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States. Anthony Lin Zhang, PhD, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. Aisha O. Jumaan, PhD, Independent Consultant, Seattle, Washington, United States. Theo Vos, PhD, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Mohsen Naghavi, PhD, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Simon I. Hay, DSc, Oxford Big Data Institute, LiKa Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States. Christopher J. L. Murray, DPhil, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.