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Structure of plankton and waterbird communities under water level fluctuations: two case studies in shallow lakes of the Patagonian steppe

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Abstract

The Buenos Aires Lake Plateau, a unique semi-arid environment and priority area for waterbird conservation in Argentina, has recently shown reductions in lake sizes due to scarce rainfall. This study assessed the impact of contrasting hydrological conditions on the abiotic variables of lakes Chapu and Cervecero, as well as on the structure of plankton and how this affected the use of the lakes by waterbirds. We show that hydrological conditions shape the abiotic and biological features of these lakes. In 2015, both lakes were vegetated, but by 2016, their water level had dropped, causing decreased macrophyte coverage. In 2017, the lakes dried up completely, but were refilled the following year. The partial drought of 2015-2016 led to reduced concentrations of nutrients and food that support a high density and richness of birds, which are mostly aquatic and terrestrial feeders. After the extreme drought in 2017 and refilling phase in 2018, there was an improvement in the water quality of lake Chapu, as indicated by its increased clarity compared to that in 2015, while Cervecero remained turbid. Increased homogenization in plankton and waterbird species composition became evident in both lakes. There was a cyanobacteria bloom in Cervecero, while in Chapu Gammaproteobacteria were dominant. Both lakes supported few waterbirds, of which aquatic-terrestrial feeders and terrestrial herbivores were dominant. The abundance of the endemic and endangered hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi Rumboll 1974) declined with the cover of macrophytes, which these birds use when establishing their colonies. In sum, this study revealed changes in the conditions of lakes Chapu and Cervecero and their plankton communities in response to hydrological shifts, with implications for waterbird assemblages and, thus, biodiversity conservation.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica of Argentina (FONCYT PICT 2013-0794; PICT 2021-III-A-00090); Proyecto Macá Tobiano (Aves Argentinas/Ambiente Sur)—Programa Patagonia Aves Argentinas [Toyota Argentina, Nippon Car, Pan American Energy, CONTAIN/NERC-Latam, BirdLife International Preventing Extinction Programme (B. Olewine and S. and B. Thal), ICFC Canada, Toyota Environmental Activities Grant Programme, ZSL-EDGE, Secretaría de Ambiente de Santa Cruz, and the Whitley Fund For Nature]; Technical Advisory Agreement IEASA—CONICET—Macá Tobiano. We thank the staff and volunteers of Proyecto Macá Tobiano/Programa Patagonia (Aves Argentinas). We also thank the Dr. I. O’Farrell for their collaboration and V. Rago for field assistance, Dr. M.C. Diéguez for the DOC measurements, and D. Kachanovsky for assistance in processing the DNA data. We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which greatly improved this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), 4th Floor, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Sol Porcel, Carmen Alejandra Sabio y García, Martín Saraceno & Irina Izaguirre

  2. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni (CIMAS-CONICET), Güemes 1030 and Escuela Superior de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Martin 247, 8520, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina

    Juan Francisco Saad

  3. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    María Cristina Marinone

  4. Programa Patagonia/Aves Argentinas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Dirección Regional Patagonia Norte de la Administración de Parques Nacionales, 8400, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina

    Laura Fasola

  5. Programa Patagonia/Aves Argentinas, Programa Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Análisis de Sistemas Complejos, Fundación Bariloche-CONICET, 8400, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina

    Ignacio Roesler

  6. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (CENPAT-CONICET), Puerto Madryn,, Chubut, Argentina

    Julio Lancelotti

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  1. Sol Porcel
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Contributions

SP performed the field work, was chiefly responsible for the microbial, phytoplankton and zooplankton analyses, performed data analyses, and wrote the manuscript. II and JL directed the project. MCM helped during the field campaigns and with zooplankton analyses. LF and IR were responsible for the aquatic bird censuses and gave valuable suggestions in this regard. MS carried out the BLAST analyses and helped with the bacterial DNA analyses. JL also participated in field trips and analyzed Landsat images with QGIS. CASG helped with bacterial DNA analyses and participated in two of the field campaigns. JS and II also helped with the field trips and with picoplankton and phytoplankton analyses. All authors were involved in the preparation and editing of this article.

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Correspondence to Sol Porcel.

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Supplementary Information

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Supplementary file1 Supplementary figure 1: Rarefaction curve of the bacterial samples. (TIFF 130 KB)

27_2024_1083_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx

Supplementary file2 Supplementary material 1: Bacterial ASVs (a), phytoplankton (b), zooplankton (c) and waterbird (d) abundance in lakes Chapu and Cervecero in the period studied. (XLSX 234 KB)

Supplementary file3 Supplementary material 2: Outputs of ASV for taxonomic review obtained through BLAST. (XLSX 11 KB)

Supplementary file4 (DOCX 24 KB)

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Porcel, S., Saad, J.F., Sabio y García, C.A. et al. Structure of plankton and waterbird communities under water level fluctuations: two case studies in shallow lakes of the Patagonian steppe. Aquat Sci 86, 69 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-024-01083-w

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