Abstract
We tackle the study of a type of local asymptotics, known as Mehler–Heine asymptotics, for some q–hypergeometric polynomials. Some consequences about the asymptotic behavior of the zeros of these polynomials are discussed. We illustrate the results with numerical examples.
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1 Introduction
The basic q-hypergeometric function \( _r\phi _s\) is defined by the series (see, for example, [2] or [15, f. (1.10.1)]).
where \(\left( a_{1},\dots ,a_{r} ; q\right) _{k}=\left( a_{1}; q\right) _{k}\left( a_{2}; q\right) _{k}\cdots \left( a_{r} ; q\right) _{k}\). For our purposes we assume throughout the paper \(0<q<1.\) The expressions \( \left( a_{j}; q\right) _{k}\) and \(\left( b_{j}; q\right) _{k}\) denote the q-analogues of the Pochhammer symbol, i.e., given a complex number a
with
Obviously, the series (1) is well–defined when the quantities, known as q–shifted factorials or q-Pochhammer symbols, \(\left( b_{j}; q\right) _{k}\ne 0,\) for \(j=0, \ldots , s.\) It is well known that the radius of convergence \(\rho \) of the \(q-\)hypergeometric functions (1) is given by (see for example [15, p. 15])
In particular, for our interest \( _s\phi _s\) is always convergent. In this paper we consider \(r=s\) because it is the context where we can establish our main goal (see Theorem 1).
The q-series (1) is the analogous series in the framework of the q-analysis to the hypergeometric function given by (see, for example, [3] or [4])
They are connected by the limit relation
In particular, when \(r=s\), we get
When one of the parameters \(a_j \) in (1) is equal to \(q^{-n}\), where n is a nonnegative integer, the basic q-hypergeometric function is a polynomial of degree at most n in the variable z. Thus, our objective is to obtain a type of asymptotics for these q-polynomials. Concretely, by scaling adequately these polynomials we intend to get a limit relation between them and a q-analogue of the Bessel function of the first kind. In the framework of orthogonal polynomials, this type of asymptotics is known as Mehler–Heine asymptotics (also as Mehler–Heine formula). Originally, this type of local asymptotics was introduced for a special case of orthogonal polynomials (OP), Legendre polynomials, by the German mathematicians H. E. Heine and G. F. Mehler in the 19th century. Later, it was extended to the families of classical OP: Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite (see, for example, [19]). More recently, these formulae were obtained for other families of polynomials such as OP in the Nevai’s class [5], discrete OP [7], generalized Freud polynomials [1], multiple OP [20, 21] or Sobolev OP (in this context there are many papers in this century, being [17] one of the first), among others.
These formulae have a nice consequence about the scaled zeros of the polynomials, i.e. using the well-known Hurwitz’s theorem we can establish a limit relation between these scaled zeros and the ones of a Bessel function of the first kind. Thus, in [6] the authors, starting from a Mehler–Heine formula for hypergeometric polynomials, make a study of the zeros of these polynomials. Notice that in this case the polynomials are not necessarily orthogonal. In this way, we are looking for a similar result in the context of the q-analysis. In fact, we can find several nice works where the authors study Placherel–Rotach asymptotics for basic hypergeometric polynomials (see, for example [10,11,12,13,14, 16, 22] and [24,25,26,27]). In this type of asymptotics, most authors scale the variable z using a divergent sequence, this is, \(z \rightarrow a_n z\) with \(a_n\rightarrow \infty \) when \(n\rightarrow +\infty \). In these works the authors usually obtain relations between the basic hypergeometric polynomials and the q-Airy function. We would like to highlight the work [16] where the authors obtain a relation between the Stieltjes–Wigert orthogonal polynomials \(S_n(z;q)\) and the q-Airy function \(A_q(z)\) using a scaling of the variable satisfying \(a_n\rightarrow 0\) when \(n\rightarrow +\infty \). In fact, the authors prove that (see [16, Th. 1])
where \(z=uq^{-nt}\) with \(-\infty<t<2\), \(u\in {\mathbb {C}}\backslash \{0\}\) and being \(r_n(z)\) a remainder function (for more details see [16, Th. 1]). Clearly, \(uq^{-nt}\rightarrow 0\) when \(t<0\) and \(n\rightarrow +\infty \). To prove their results the authors use a symmetry property of the Stieltjes–Wigert orthogonal polynomials given by
In our case, we will show that the variable is scaled \(z\rightarrow a_nz\) by a sequence \(a_n\) satisfying \(a_n\rightarrow 0\) when \(n\rightarrow +\infty \). So, we can establish asymptotic relations between these q-polynomials and a q-Bessel function. Thus, the novelty of our approach is to extend the classical Mehler–Heine formulae to these q-hypergeometric polynomials.
Now, we establish the notation that we will use in the following sections and we will show our main result. We denote by \([z]_q\) the well-known q-number given by
for \(0<q<1\), it is easy to prove that
In addition, we will use the q-Gamma function given by (see, for example, [3, f. (10.3.3)])
This function is a q-analogue of the Gamma function. It is a meromorphic function, without zeros and with poles in \(z=-n\pm 2\pi i k /\log (q)\) where n and k are nonnegative integers. This function verifies the relation (see [3, Pag. 495])
and satisfies
An important role in this paper is played by the q-Bessel function \(J_{\alpha }^{(2)}(z ; q)\) given by (see, for example, [15, f. (1.14.8)])
which is an extension of the Bessel function of the first kind \(J_{\alpha }(z)\), i.e.
With this notation, we will prove in the Theorem 1 that, for \(s\ge 2,\)
where
The above result is also true when \(s=1\), getting in this case the following relation:
We also discuss the case \(r-1\le s\) in Proposition 4. In addition, one of the referees asked us what result would be obtained when we take the scale \(z\rightarrow q^nz\). These results are shown in Propositions 5 and 6. They are very nice but, as far as we know, they cannot be used to deduce the result obtained in [6], so we have included both scaling.
We structure the paper as follows. Section 2 is devoted to technical results which will be necessary in Sect. 3 to prove the main result, Theorem 1, as well as Propositions 4, 5 and 6. Finally, in Sect. 4 we discuss the consequences of the Mehler–Heine formula on the asymptotic behavior of the zeros of these q-hypergeometric polynomials. We illustrate this discussion with a variety of numerical examples and we leave some questions open, concretely one about the zeros of the q-function \(z^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( z(1-q) ; q\right) . \)
2 Technical Results
This section is devoted to obtaining some properties about the q-Pochhammer symbol defined in (2) and the q-Gamma function given by (7). Actually, we are going to establish six technical statements which are indispensable to prove our main result in the following section. We do not claim that these results are new, but we have not found anything like them in our search in the literature.
Lemma 1
Let k be a nonnegative integer and z a complex number, such that \(\Gamma _{q}(z)\) is well defined, then
Proof
Using (2) and (9) it follows that
\(\square \)
Lemma 2
Let a be a positive real number and b a complex number. Then, we have, for any \(k\in {\mathbb {Z}}\) fixed,
Proof
First, we prove the result for a nonnegative integer k. Then, using (9) in a recursive way, we get
Since \(\displaystyle \lim \nolimits _{n \rightarrow +\infty } \frac{[an+b+j]_q}{[an+b]_q}=1\) for all \(j\in \{0,1,\dots ,k-1\}\) we get the result. When k is a negative integer, we can adapt the above proof easily applying (9) to the denominator instead of the numerator. \(\square \)
Lemma 3
Let k be a nonnegative integer. Then,
Proof
From [15, f. (1.8.18)], we have
Now, using (15) and (16), the limit on the right side of the above expression can be computed as
from where the result arises. \(\square \)
Lemma 4
Let b be a complex number. Then, for a positive real number a, it holds
Proof
For \(a>0\) and \(0<q<1\) we deduce easily \(\displaystyle \lim \nolimits _{n \rightarrow +\infty } \frac{[n]_q}{[n]_{q^a}}=[a]_q\) and \(\displaystyle \lim \nolimits _{n \rightarrow +\infty } \frac{[a n+b]_q}{[n]_q}=1\). Then, using (15), (16) and the above limits the result follows. \(\square \)
For the next results, we assume \(\left( {\begin{array}{c}i\\ j\end{array}}\right) =0\) when \(i<j.\)
Lemma 5
We have for \(n\ge 1\),
Proof
For \(k=0\) the proof is trivial and the equality is reached. For \(k\ge 1,\) using [15, f. (1.8.18)], we have
Clearly, \(\displaystyle \left( \frac{1-q}{1-q^{n}}\right) ^{k}\le 1\) and \(\displaystyle \prod _{j=n-k}^{n-1}\left( 1-q^{j+1}\right) <1.\) Then,
which proves the result. \(\square \)
In the next two statements we provide useful bounds for
where b is a complex number with some restrictions (see Proposition 2) and a is a positive real number. These bounds allow us to prove the main result of this paper.
Proposition 1
Let a be a positive real number and \(b=\gamma +i\beta \) a complex number. Then, we have for \(n\ge 1,\)
Proof
We notice that \(1> q^a \ge q^{an}>0\) for \(n\ge 1,\) then
We are going to use (5) and this inequality to prove the result, so
\(\square \)
Next, we use the notation \({\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\) for the set formed by the number 0 and the negative integers, i.e. \({\mathbb {Z}}_{-}=\{0,-1,-2, \ldots \}.\)
Proposition 2
Let a be a positive real number and \(b=\gamma +i\beta \) a complex number. We assume that \(an+\gamma \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\) for all n positive integer. Then, it exists \(\varepsilon >0\) such that for \(n\ge 1\) and \(k=0,1,\ldots , n\), we have
Proof
To prove this lower bound, we will use the well-known inequality \(|z-w|\ge \big ||z|-|w| \big |\) where z and w are complex numbers, and the equality
Then, we have
Now, we distinguish two cases:
-
When \(\gamma \ge 0\), taking into account \(q^{an}\ge q^{an+\gamma +j}\), we obtain that
$$\begin{aligned} \prod _{j=0}^{k-1} \frac{1-q^{an+\gamma +j}}{1-q^{a n}}\ge 1, \end{aligned}$$and the result follows.
-
When \(\gamma <0\), we have
$$\begin{aligned}{}[a]_{q}^{k} \prod _{j=0}^{k-1} \frac{\left| 1-q^{an+\gamma +j} \right| }{1-q^{a n}} =\frac{[a]_{q}^{k}}{q^{-k\gamma }} \prod _{j=0}^{k-1} \frac{\left| q^{-\gamma }-q^{an+j} \right| }{1-q^{a n}} \ge [a]_{q}^{k} \prod _{j=0}^{k-1} \left| q^{-\gamma }-q^{an+j} \right| . \end{aligned}$$
Now, on the one hand, assuming a and b fixed, it exits a positive integer \(n_0\) that depends on \(\gamma \) such that for all \(n>n_0\), we have
with \(j\in \{0,1,\dots ,k-1\}\). So, we get
Thus, we can affirm that for \(n> n_0,\)
On the other hand, for \(n\in \{1,2,\dots ,n_0\},\) \(k=0, \ldots , n\), and assuming \(an+\gamma \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\) with n any positive integer, we have that \(-\gamma \ne a n+j\) for any j nonnegative integer. Thus, we define
Taking \(\delta :=\min \Delta >0\), we obtain
Finally, if we define \(\varepsilon :=\min \{\frac{q^{-\gamma }}{2},\delta \}>0\) the result holds for \(n\ge 1\). \(\square \)
Remark 1
Under the assumptions posed in the previous propositions, we have an upper bound and a lower bound for the quantity \(\left| \frac{\left( q^{an+b} ; q\right) _{k}}{(1-q)^{k}[n]_{q^{a}}^{k}}\right| .\) For our purposes, and without loss of generality, we can affirm that there are two constants, \({\mathfrak {C}}_a\) and \({\mathfrak {D}}_a\), independent of n, so that
3 Main Result
In this section we obtain the main goal of this paper: the Mehler–Heine asymptotics for some q-hypergeometric polynomials. Before stating this result, we still have to take a further step on this issue giving a relation for the q-Bessel function (10).
Proposition 3
Let \(\alpha \in {\mathbb {R}}\backslash {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\) be. Then,
Proof
From (10), we have
Then, making the change \(x^2=4z\) and introducing the factor \((1-q)^{1-\alpha }\), we have the following identity,
Now, using (1) and (7), we get
Finally, it is enough to make the change of variable \(\sqrt{z}\rightarrow \sqrt{z}(1-q)\) to end the proof. \(\square \)
We have all the ingredients to establish our main result.
Theorem 1
(Mehler–Heine asymptotics). We use the notation from (12)–(14), assuming that \(\alpha \in {\mathbb {R}}\backslash {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\), \(a_j>0\), \(c_{j}>0\) and that \(b_j\) and \(d_{j}\) are complex numbers satisfying \(a_j n+\mathrm {Re}(b_j) \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\) and \(c_{j}n+\mathrm {Re}(d_{j}) \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\) with \(j\in \{1,2,\dots ,s-1\}\) and \(s\ge 2\). Then,
uniformly on compact subsets of the complex plane. For \(s=1,\) it holds
Proof
First, we observe that the quantities \(a_jn+b_j \) and \(c_{j}n+d_{j}\), for \(j=1, \ldots , s-1\) and \(s\ge 2\), satisfy the hypothesis posed in Proposition 2.
Now, scaling the variable z in (1) in the following way \(\displaystyle z\rightarrow \frac{q^{n+\alpha }[n]_{q^{{\mathfrak {c}}_s}}}{[n]_q[n]_{q^{{\mathfrak {a}}_s}}}(q-1)z\), we get
Using (17) and (18), we have for k fixed
uniformly on compact subsets of the complex plane. Furthermore, we take z on a compact subset \(\Omega \) of the complex plane, so \(|z|\le {\mathfrak {C}}_{\Omega }.\) Then, for \(n\ge 0 \) and \(0\le k\le n,\) we get
where we have used (19) and (20). Thus, we have found a dominant for \(\sum _{k=0}^{n} g_{n,k}(z).\) This dominant is convergent, i.e. the series \( \sum _{k=0}^{+\infty }g_k(z)\) converges. We can see this by applying the D’Alembert (or quotient) criterion for series of nonnegative terms.
Now, to apply the Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem, for \(n,k\ge 0\) we define \({\mathcal {F}}_{n,k}(z)\) as
Then, using (23) and (24) and taking z on a compact subset \(\Omega \) of the complex plane, we have for each k
Thus, we can write
where \(d\mu (k)\) is the discrete measure with support on the nonnegative integers (\(k=0,1,\dots \)) and with a mass equal to one in each point of the support. Then, we apply the Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem and (23), obtaining
Finally, using Proposition 3 we get (21). The proof of (22) is similar, but now it is not necessary to use either the limit (4) or the bounds (20). \(\square \)
Now, we can tackle the case \(r-1\le s.\) As we have commented previously, in this case, as far as we know, the limit function cannot be expressed as a known q-hypergeometric function except when \(r=s\), then we get the same result as in Theorem 1.
Proposition 4
We take \(r\ge 1\), \(s\ge 1\), \(r-1\le s\), and \(\alpha \in {\mathbb {R}}\backslash {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}.\) We consider \(b_j\) and \(d_{\ell }\) complex numbers satisfying \(a_j n+\mathrm {Re}(b_j) \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-},\) \(c_{\ell }n+\mathrm {Re}(d_{\ell }) \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\) where \(a_j>0\), \(c_{\ell }>0\) with \(j\in \{1,2,\dots ,r-1\}\) and \(\ell \in \{1,2,\dots ,s-1\}.\) Then, for \(r\ge 2\) and \(s\ge 2\),
In addition,
Proof
Observe that when \(r\ge 2\) and \(s\ge 2\), we can write
Moreover, we can prove for k fixed that
uniformly on compact subsets of the complex plane. Then, acting like in the proof of Theorem 1 we can apply the Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem, getting the result. Finally, the asymptotic relations (25) and (26) can be obtained in the same way by handling the notation adequately. \(\square \)
Remark 2
It is worth noting that the condition \(r-1\le s\) is necessary to apply the Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem in the two previous proofs.
Remark 3
We can observe that Theorem 1 recovers partially one result for hypergeometric polynomials \({ }_{r} F_{s}\left( \begin{array}{l} a_{1}, \ldots , a_{r} \\ b_{1}, \ldots , b_{s} \end{array} ; z\right) \) given in [6, Th. 1]. This occurs when \(r=s.\) To see this, it is enough to consider (6) and notice that when \(q\rightarrow 1\) we have
Then, using (4), (8), (10) and (11) in Theorem 1, we deduce Theorem 1 in [6] when \(r=s.\)
As we have mentioned previously in the introduction, one of the referees proposed us to use the scaling \(z\rightarrow q^nz\). We have obtained the following statements.
Proposition 5
We use the notation from (12)–(14), assuming that \(\alpha \in {\mathbb {R}}\backslash {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\), \(a_j>0\), \(c_{j}>0\) and that \(b_j\) and \(d_{j}\) are complex numbers satisfying \(a_j n+\mathrm {Re}(b_j) \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\) and \(c_{j}n+\mathrm {Re}(d_{j}) \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\) with \(j\in \{1,2,\dots ,s-1\}\) and \(s\ge 2\). Then,
For \(s=1\), we have
uniformly on compact subsets of the complex plane.
Proof
We need to modify appropriately some of the results from Sect. 2. From Lemmas 3, 4 and 5 we can deduce
In addition, under the assumptions posed in Propositions 1 and 2, we use the same technique to establish that there are two constants, \(\widehat{{\mathfrak {C}}_a}\) and \(\widehat{{\mathfrak {D}}_a}\), independent of n, satisfying
From (28-31) we can prove the result in the same way as in Theorem 1. The proof of (27) is similar, but now it is not necessary to use either the limit (29) or the bounds (31). \(\square \)
Remark 4
Notice that the result in Proposition 5 does not depend on s. This is due to the type of scaling and to the fact that all q-numbers disappear in the limits (28)–(29).
Now, we discuss the case \(r-1\le s\) making the scaling \(z\rightarrow q^nz\).
Proposition 6
We take \(r\ge 1\), \(s\ge 1\), \(r-1\le s\), and \(\alpha \in {\mathbb {R}}\backslash {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}.\) We consider \(b_j\) and \(d_{\ell }\) complex numbers satisfying \(a_j n+\mathrm {Re}(b_j) \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-},\) \(c_{\ell }n+\mathrm {Re}(d_{\ell }) \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\) where \(a_j>0\), \(c_{\ell }>0\) with \(j\in \{1,2,\dots ,r-1\}\) and \(\ell \in \{1,2,\dots ,s-1\}.\) Then, for \(r\ge 2\) and \(s\ge 2\),
In addition,
Proof
The proof is totally similar to the one of Proposition 4 but in this case we use (28)–(31). \(\square \)
3.1 Two Classical Examples
Now, we use Theorem 1 and Proposition 4 to obtain the Mehler–Heine formula for two important families of basic hypergeometric polynomials.
Example 1
Using this theorem we can obtain a well-known type of asymptotics for the q-Laguerre orthogonal polynomials given by Moak [18, Theorem 5], although the author uses another standardization for the polynomials. A generalization of Moak’s result was given by Ismail in [9, Theorem 21.8.4] where he provided an asymptotic expansion. These q-Laguerre orthogonal polynomials, which we denote by \(L_n^{(\alpha )}(x;q)\), are orthogonal with respect to (see [9, f. (21.8.4)])
with \(\alpha >-1\) and if \(\alpha =k\) with \(k=0,1,2,\dots \) the right-hand side is interpreted as
These polynomials can be written as (see [9, f. (21.8.2)])
After some simple algebraic computations we obtain
Now, scaling the variable adequately and applying Theorem 1 and (7), we get
But, we know by Moak’s (or Ismail’s) result that
uniformly on compact subsets of the complex plane. Then, we have
uniformly on compact subsets of the complex plane.
In fact, the first equality in the above expression is expected, for example, adapting conveniently the proof of Corollary 1 in [1]. But, as we have seen, it is also easy to obtain it using Theorem 1.
Example 2
The Little q-Jacobi orthogonal polynomials are usually denoted by \(p_n(z;a,b|q)\). For \(0<aq<1\) and \(bq<1\) these polynomials are orthogonal with respect to (see [15, f. (14.12.2)])
These polynomials have a basic hypergeometric representation given by (see [15, f. (14.12.1)])
where we have used
for \(c>0\). Then, using (32), Proposition 4 and scaling the variable as
we obtain
assuming the condition \(1+\ln (a)/\ln (q)>-1\).
4 Discussion About the Zeros
Throughout this section we have assumed that the assumptions of Theorem 1 hold. The values \(b_j\) and \(d_j\) in (21) can be complex numbers so the \(q-\)hypergeometric polynomial (1)
is a polynomial of degree n with complex coefficients, and all its zeros can be nonreal complex. We enumerate them by \(x_{q,n,k}\) with \(1\le k\le n\), but obviously they do not have to be ordered. Taking this into consideration together with Hurwitz’s Theorem (see [19, Th. 1.91.3]), then there exits a limit relation between the scaled zeros of these q-hypergeometric polynomials and the zeros of the limit function in Theorem 1. Concretely, the scaled zeros
converge to the zeros of the function
when \(n\rightarrow +\infty \) that we will denote by \(z_{\ell }\). Moreover, when \(\alpha >0\) the zeros of (34) are real and simple (see [8, Th. 4.2]), so the zeros \(x_{q,n,k}^{*}\), given by (33), converge to real numbers.
However, as far as we know, when \(\alpha <0\) (\(\alpha \notin {\mathbb {Z}}_{-}\)) there are not any results about the zeros of the function \(z^{\frac{1-\alpha }{2}}J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( 2 \sqrt{z}(1-q) ; q\right) \) analogous to the ones for the function \(z^{\frac{1-\alpha }{2}}J_{\alpha -1}(2\sqrt{z})\) given, for example, in [23, Pag. 483-484]. Thus, we have not been able to establish a result for the zeros as detailed as in Proposition 1 in [6].
Following the analysis of [6, Remark 3] (see also [23, Pag. 483-484]), we know that the number of nonreal zeros of \(z^{\frac{1-\alpha }{2}}J_{\alpha -1}(2\sqrt{z})\) depend on the value of \(\alpha \). In fact, \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}(w)\) has at most two purely imaginary zeros. Taking into account the change of variable \(w=2\sqrt{z}\), these two purely imaginary zeros are transformed into a negative real zero of function \(z^{\frac{1-\alpha }{2}}J_{\alpha -1}(2\sqrt{z})\). Furthermore, we know exactly when these purely imaginary zeros appear.
In our framework, taking into account the numerical experiments that we have made, we believe that the number of nonreal zeros of \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( w (1-q); q\right) \) also depends on \(\alpha \) and coincides with the number of nonreal zeros of \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}(w)\). However, we feel that there is a relevant fact: the number of purely imaginary zeros can be greater than two and depends on the value of q too. In this way, we observe that when \(q\rightarrow 1\) the number of purely imaginary zeros of the function \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( w(1-q) ; q\right) \) is the same as the one of \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}(w)\). We are posing these comments as a conjecture.
To illustrate the previous conjecture we are going to show some numerical experiments. We have used the symbolic computer program Mathematica \(^{\small {\circledR }}\) language 12.1.1 (also known as Wolfram language) to make them.
We take the following data:
and
\(a_1=3\) | \(b_1=6\) | \(c_1=4/3\) | \(d_1=2-3i\) |
\(a_2=5/4\) | \(b_2=-2/3+2i\) | \(c_2=5/6\) | \(d_2=1\) |
With this choice the q-hypergeometric polynomials have complex coefficients. We denote a zero of the limit function (34) by \(z_{\ell }.\)
First experiment. We take \(\alpha =1\). In this situation, using (see [8, Th. 4.2]), all the zeros of (34) are real and simple. In the next tables we show the behavior of the scaled zeros converging to the first three positive zeros of (34).
\(x_{1/2,n,1}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(1.192838457109 - 0.000373946559i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(1.191325673237 - 6.242164358333\times 10^{-8}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(1.191320585494 - 1.806507624485\times 10^{-15}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | 1.191320585443 |
\(x_{1/2,n,2}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(10.5677725749753 - 0.001544756947i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(10.5384014795907 - 2.574926397462\times 10^{-7}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(10.5383205870082 - 7.451913839285\times 10^{-15}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | 10.5383205862745 |
\(x_{1/2,n,3}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(54.673251810109 - 0.003501823800i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(54.420541178838 - 5.826491777755\times 10^{-7}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(54.419973744204 - 1.686199155483\times 10^{-15}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | 54.419973739632 |
Second experiment. Let’s take \(\alpha =-51/100.\) With this value the function \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}(w)\) has two purely imaginary zeros and the rest of them are positive real zeros. This also occurs for the function \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( w(1-q) ; q\right) \). Thus, the limit function (34) has a negative zero and the rest of them are positive real zeros. We only show the convergence to the first two positive zeros and to the negative zero of (34).
\(x_{1/2,n,1}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-0.257907814869 + 0.000069310549i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-0.257444571262 + 1.156063483173\times 10^{-8}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-0.257443205893 + 3.345689303361\times 10^{-16}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-0.257443205880\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,2}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(1.717581648483 - 0.000304499740 i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(1.712978988208 - 5.076635738362\times 10^{-8}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(1.712966620706 - 1.469194883628\times 10^{-15}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | 1.712966620595 |
\(x_{1/2,n,3}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(15.162942911386 - 0.001127913056i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(15.093385289371 - 1.877379036189\times 10^{-7}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(15.093230236139 - 5.433179181139\times 10^{-15}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | 15.093230234896 |
Third experiment. We take \(\alpha =-78/10\). Then, the function \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}\left( w\right) \) has 16 nonreal zeros, but they are not purely imaginary zeros, and the rest of them are positive real zeros. However, in our case the function \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( w(1-q) ; q\right) \) has 16 nonreal zeros, 8 of which are purely imaginary zeros being the rest of them positive real zeros. As we have previously commented in the conjecture, the number of purely imaginary zeros of the function \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( w(1-q) ; q\right) \) can be greater than 2 according to the value of q. Therefore, the limit function (34) has 4 nonreal zeros and 4 negative real zeros being the rest of them positive.
\(x_{1/2,n,1}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-26.583782080249 + 13.144830793624i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-24.217517881849 + 13.495110134590i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-24.215268341967 + 13.495244741513i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-24.215268337780 + 13.495244740537i\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,2}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-26.584069012013 - 13.145175170701i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-24.217517928700 - 13.495110193829i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-24.215268341967 - 13.495244741517i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-24.215268337780 - 13.495244740538i\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,3}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-11.012428251874 + 62.145264518016i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-6.977745534060 + 56.644723043027i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-6.974490887747 + 56.639531189402i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-6.974490884028 + 56.639531179756i\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,4}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-11.012731503979 - 62.145767769738i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-6.977745580595 - 56.644723126264i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-6.974490887747 - 56.639531189402i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-6.974490884028 - 56.639531179756i\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,5}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-16.166116185151 - 0.00004242253i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-15.859752369736 - 9.93118142529\times 10^{-9}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-15.859327530746 - 2.87493401651\times 10^{-16}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-15.859327529012\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,6}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-8.372365289781 + 1.061870351232\times 10^{-6}i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-8.358589490584 + 2.877523388912\times 10^{-10}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-8.358521100270 + 8.331309933918\times 10^{-18}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-8.358521099510\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,7}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-4.183493772518 + 7.184651279381\times 10^{-6}i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-4.174952644245 + 1.169874676784\times 10^{-12}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-4.174916567642 - 8.016528868055\times 10^{-20}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-4.174916567260\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,8}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-2.085524807895 + 0.001212554069i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-2.087470339683 + 2.036177391751\times 10^{-7}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-2.087472421386 + 5.892871393618\times 10^{-15}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-2.087472421388\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,9}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(222.192716349085 - 0.000476699235i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(185.503465533781 - 7.245543670015\times 10^{-8}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(185.473370922148 - 2.096712467864\times 10^{-15}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | 185.473370878074 |
Fourth Experiment. We take \(\alpha =-88/10\). Then, the function \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}\left( w\right) \) has 18 nonreal zeros, 2 of which are purely imaginary zeros, and the rest of them are positive real zeros. Again, the function \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( w(1-q) ; q\right) \) also has 18 nonreal zeros, but now 10 of them are purely imaginary zeros, being the rest of them positive real zeros. Thus, the limit function (34) has 4 nonreal zeros and 5 negative real zeros being the rest of them positive.
\(x_{1/2,n,1}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-58.731778291761 + 24.983339723902i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-48.142375334033 + 27.211453956792i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-48.133792760941 + 27.212205588614i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-48.133792748725 + 27.212205587084i\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,2}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-58.732065276581 - 24.983660249396i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-48.142375378613 - 27.211454014981i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-48.133792760941 - 27.212205588614i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-48.133792748725 - 27.212205587084i\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,3}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-34.303303302277 + 138.270486284223i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-13.528504443799 + 113.526606000274i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-13.515626962528 + 113.506768620178i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-13.515626949090 + 113.506768591833i\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,4}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-34.303631075141 - 138.270994273937i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-13.528504488949 - 113.526606084040i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-13.515626962528 - 113.506768620178i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-13.515626949090 - 113.506768591833i\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,5}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-32.743951055138 - 0.000026360939i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-31.625976675655 - 9.688310475475\times 10^{-9}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-31.624501885216 - 2.805403876599\times 10^{-16}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-31.624501881169\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,6}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-16.740893534529 + 5.765133760916\times 10^{-7}i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-16.719718514606 + 2.835085312132\times 10^{-10}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-16.719591520682 + 8.212134980550\times 10^{-18}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-16.719591519169\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,7}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-8.367018219885 - 8.764399202657\times 10^{-10}i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-8.349886270829 - 2.470953096732\times 10^{-12}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-8.349814077147 - 7.157189188727\times 10^{-20}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-8.349814076382\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,8}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-4.183511394310 + 7.147780631497\times 10^{-6}i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-4.174980970526 + 3.925233400802\times 10^{-12}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-4.174944906183 + 3.561296499329\times 10^{-22}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-4.174944905801\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,9}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(-2.085538601937 + 0.001209882024i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(-2.087470352958 + 2.031659087739\times 10^{-7}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(-2.087472390014 + 5.879794684903\times 10^{-15}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(-2.087472390016\) |
\(x_{1/2,n,10}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=10\) | \(568.386160039012 - 0.000543294101i\) |
\(n=20\) | \(371.816049857173 - 7.279580302175\times 10^{-8}i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(371.698707738027 - 2.106396160012\times 10^{-15}i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | 371.698707595280 |
Fifth Experiment. We consider the same data as in the third experiment, but changing the value of q. Thus, we take \(q=9/10.\) Now, we can observe that the function \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( w(1-q) ; q\right) \) has 16 nonreal zeros but it has not any purely imaginary zeros, so the limit function (34) has not any negative real zeros. In fact, it has 8 nonreal zeros and the rest of them are positive numbers. In the next tables we can also notice that the convergence is slower than in the other experiments. Thus, we have observed in all the numerical experiments made that when q approaches to 1 the convergence slows down.
To avoid including many tables, we provide the values of 8 nonreal zeros of (34) and two examples. These zeros are
\(x_{9/10,n,7}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=20\) | \(3.163297460938 + 4.534270108808i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(2.688577412718 + 3.889727638001i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(2.632871686846 + 3.803425181595i\) |
\(x_{9/10,n,8}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=20\) | \(2.983050648402 - 4.679512324145i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(2.678631275315 - 3.897696238845i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | \(2.632871686846 - 3.803425181595i\) |
\(x_{9/10,n,9}^{*}\) | |
---|---|
\(n=20\) | \(9.365586442180 - 0.176724181442i\) |
\(n=40\) | \(7.857805351203 - 0.009728505494i\) |
\(z_{\ell }\) | 7.668210419914 |
The third and fourth experiments show the differences pointed out in the conjecture about the number of purely imaginary zeros of the functions \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}\left( w\right) \) and \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( w(1-q) ; q\right) \) depending on the value of \(\alpha .\) The third and fifth experiments also show the existence of purely imaginary zeros depending on q too.
In conclusion, to obtain more asymptotic properties about the zeros of the q-hypergeometric polynomials
we need to go further in the knowledge of the zeros of the function \(w^{1-\alpha }J_{\alpha -1}^{(2)}\left( w(1-q) ; q\right) . \) That question remains open as far as we know.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the referees sincerely for their careful revision of the paper. Their suggestions and comments have been very useful to improve it.
Funding
The authors are partially supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), grant MTM2017-89941-P; they are also partially supported by ERDF and Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad de la Junta de Andalucía (grant UAL18-FQM-B025-A) and by Research Group FQM-0229 (belonging to Campus of International Excellence CEIMAR). The author J.J.M-B. is also partially supported by the research centre CDTIME of Universidad de Almería and by Junta de Andalucía and ERDF, Ref. SOMM17/6105/UGR.
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Mañas–Mañas, J.F., Moreno–Balcázar, J.J. Asymptotics for Some q-Hypergeometric Polynomials. Results Math 77, 146 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00025-022-01693-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00025-022-01693-6