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Halokinetically Overprinted Tectonic Inversion of the Penobscot 3D Volume Offshore Nova Scotia, Canada

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Abstract

Polyphase fault evolution through reactivation is a globally observed phenomenon on passive margins. These structures play a crucial role in petroleum systems, offer vital constraints on rift and passive margin kinematics, and, in certain instances, serve as global markers for far-field stresses. Despite the significance of reactivated faults, understanding their kinematic evolution, existence, extent, and interactions within fault populations is often limited. This underscores the need for comprehensive investigations, including considerations of halokinesis in this process. This study presents a structural interpretation of a relay ramp identified in the Penobscot 3D seismic reflection survey offshore Nova Scotia, Canada. The ramp is characterized by two major SSE-dipping faults accompanied by smaller antithetic and synthetic normal faults with a general ENE-WSW strike. The two major faults exhibit evidence of reverse deformation in their lower sections, transitioning to normal offsets in their upper portions. Smaller faults predominantly affect younger strata without evidence of reactivation. Fault throw analysis indicates coupled movement on the main faults during both reverse and normal deformation intervals. Structural analysis suggests that these structures initially formed as reverse faults due to halokinesis and were subsequently reactivated during oceanward salt migration. The timing of Atlantic margin halokinesis aligns broadly with previously documented large-scale kinematic reorganization periods, suggesting similar kinematic events triggered salt movements in the Penobscot area. The observed kinematic dichotomy at depth is crucial, highlighting the potential oversight of polyphase deformation in areas where seismic data only captures near-surface structures. Recognising salt's role in kinematic reactivation is vital, explaining inversion phenomena and generating economically important trapping structures globally. This study implies that reactivation of structures in passive margins may be more widespread than previously acknowledged, particularly if seismic data only captures upper portions of structures.

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Acknowledgements

Christopher Jackson, Oscar Fernandez, and Webster Mohriak are thanked for insightful discussions of this topic and on previous versions of this work. The authors are grateful for the software donations that facilitated this work. Specifically, the Petrel software was donated by Schlumberger, and MOVETM was donated by Petroleum Experts Ltd. Alexander Peace acknowledges Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery Grant RGPIN-2021-04011 for research program financial support. Christian Schiffer is funded by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, 2019-04843). Editor Tuna Eken, reviewer Ricardo Pereira, and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for their constructive input which improved this manuscript. The 3D seismic data set utilised herein is available openly online here: https://terranubis.com/datainfo/Penobscot.

Funding

This work was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada grant number (RGPIN-2021-04011), Vetenskapsrådet grant number(2019-04843).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

    Alexander L. Peace

  2. University of Derby, Derby, UK

    Jordan J. J. Phethean

  3. Washington State University, Washington, USA

    Scott Jess

  4. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Christian Schiffer

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Contributions

All authors made substantial contributions to the manuscript. Writing and draft preparation: AP. Editing: AP, JP, SJ & CS. Data and Analysis: AP. Conceptualization: AP, JP, SJ & CS. Study design: AP, JP, SJ & CS.

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Correspondence to Alexander L. Peace.

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The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Alexander Peace acknowledges Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery Grant RGPIN-2021-04011 for research program financial support. Christian Schiffer is funded by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, 2019-04843).

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Peace, A.L., Phethean, J.J.J., Jess, S. et al. Halokinetically Overprinted Tectonic Inversion of the Penobscot 3D Volume Offshore Nova Scotia, Canada. Pure Appl. Geophys. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03462-8

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