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Transition of inner cell mass to embryonic stem cells: mechanisms, facts, and hypotheses

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Abstract

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are immortal stem cells that own multi-lineage differentiation potential. ESCs are commonly derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of pre-implantation embryos. Due to their tremendous developmental capacity and unlimited self-renewal, ESCs have diverse biomedical applications. Different culture media have been developed to procure and maintain ESCs in a state of naïve pluripotency, and to preserve a stable genome and epigenome during serial passaging. Chromatin modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications along with microRNA activity and different signaling pathways dynamically contribute to the regulation of the ESC gene regulatory network (GRN). Such modifications undergo remarkable changes in different ESC media and determine the quality and developmental potential of ESCs. In this review, we discuss the current approaches for derivation and maintenance of ESCs, and examine how differences in culture media impact on the characteristics of pluripotency via modulation of GRN during the course of ICM outgrowth into ESCs. We also summarize the current hypotheses concerning the origin of ESCs and provide a perspective about the relationship of these cells to their in vivo counterparts (early embryonic cells around the time of implantation). Finally, we discuss generation of ESCs from human embryos and domesticated animals, and offer suggestions to further advance this fascinating field.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant from Royan Institute, the Iranian Council of Stem Cell Research and Technology, the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF), and Iran Science Elites Federation to H.B.

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  1. Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani and Sharif Moradi contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

    Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani, Sharif Moradi, Sara Taleahmad & Hossein Baharvand

  2. Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany

    Thomas Braun

  3. Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran

    Hossein Baharvand

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  1. Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
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Correspondence to Hossein Baharvand.

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Hassani, SN., Moradi, S., Taleahmad, S. et al. Transition of inner cell mass to embryonic stem cells: mechanisms, facts, and hypotheses. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 76, 873–892 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-018-2965-y

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