Abstract
We present a simple model of weak-scale thermal dark matter that gives rise to X-ray lines. Dark matter consists of two nearly degenerate states near the weak scale, which are populated thermally in the early universe via co-annihilation with slightly heavier states that are charged under the Standard Model. The X-ray line arises from the decay of the heavier dark matter component into the lighter one via a radiative dipole transition, at a rate that is slow compared to the age of the universe. The model predicts observable signatures at the LHC in the form of exotic events with missing energy and displaced leptons and jets. As an application, we show how this model can explain the recently observed 3.55 keV X-ray line.
References
T. Takahashi et al., The ASTRO-H mission, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 7732 (2010) 77320Z [arXiv:1010.4972] [INSPIRE].
E. Bulbul et al., Detection of an unidentified emission line in the stacked X-ray spectrum of galaxy clusters, Astrophys. J. 789 (2014) 13 [arXiv:1402.2301] [INSPIRE].
A. Boyarsky, O. Ruchayskiy, D. Iakubovskyi and J. Franse, An unidentified line in X-ray spectra of the Andromeda galaxy and Perseus galaxy cluster, arXiv:1402.4119 [INSPIRE].
S. Riemer-Sorensen, Questioning a 3.5 keV dark matter emission line, arXiv:1405.7943 [INSPIRE].
T.E. Jeltema and S. Profumo, Dark matter searches going bananas: the contribution of Potassium (and Chlorine) to the 3.5 keV line, arXiv:1408.1699 [INSPIRE].
D. Malyshev, A. Neronov and D. Eckert, Constraints on 3.55 keV line emission from stacked observations of dwarf spheroidal galaxies, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 103506 [arXiv:1408.3531] [INSPIRE].
M.E. Anderson, E. Churazov and J.N. Bregman, Non-detection of X-ray emission from sterile neutrinos in stacked galaxy spectra, arXiv:1408.4115 [INSPIRE].
A. Boyarsky, J. Franse, D. Iakubovskyi and O. Ruchayskiy, Checking the dark matter origin of 3.53 keV line with the Milky Way center, arXiv:1408.2503 [INSPIRE].
A. Boyarsky, J. Franse, D. Iakubovskyi and O. Ruchayskiy, Comment on the paper “dark matter searches going bananas: the contribution of Potassium (and Chlorine) to the 3.5 keV line” by T. Jeltema and S. Profumo, arXiv:1408.4388 [INSPIRE].
A. Boyarsky, A. Neronov, O. Ruchayskiy and M. Shaposhnikov, Constraints on sterile neutrino as a dark matter candidate from the diffuse X-ray background, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 370 (2006) 213 [astro-ph/0512509] [INSPIRE].
A. Boyarsky, A. Neronov, O. Ruchayskiy and M. Shaposhnikov, Restrictions on parameters of sterile neutrino dark matter from observations of galaxy clusters, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 103506 [astro-ph/0603368] [INSPIRE].
A. Boyarsky, A. Neronov, O. Ruchayskiy, M. Shaposhnikov and I. Tkachev, Where to find a dark matter sterile neutrino?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 261302 [astro-ph/0603660] [INSPIRE].
K. Abazajian and S.M. Koushiappas, Constraints on sterile neutrino dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 023527 [astro-ph/0605271] [INSPIRE].
C.R. Watson, J.F. Beacom, H. Yuksel and T.P. Walker, Direct X-ray constraints on sterile neutrino warm dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 033009 [astro-ph/0605424] [INSPIRE].
A. Boyarsky, J. Nevalainen and O. Ruchayskiy, Constraints on the parameters of radiatively decaying dark matter from the dark matter halo of the Milky Way and Ursa Minor, Astron. Astrophys. 471 (2007) 51 [astro-ph/0610961] [INSPIRE].
K.N. Abazajian, M. Markevitch, S.M. Koushiappas and R.C. Hickox, Limits on the radiative decay of sterile neutrino dark matter from the unresolved cosmic and soft X-ray backgrounds, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007) 063511 [astro-ph/0611144] [INSPIRE].
C.R. Watson, Z.-Y. Li and N.K. Polley, Constraining sterile neutrino warm dark matter with Chandra observations of the Andromeda galaxy, JCAP 03 (2012) 018 [arXiv:1111.4217] [INSPIRE].
K.N. Abazajian, Resonantly-produced 7 keV sterile neutrino dark matter models and the properties of Milky Way satellites, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014) 161303 [arXiv:1403.0954] [INSPIRE].
D.P. Finkbeiner and N. Weiner, An X-ray line from eXciting Dark Matter, arXiv:1402.6671 [INSPIRE].
T. Higaki, K.S. Jeong and F. Takahashi, The 7 keV axion dark matter and the X-ray line signal, Phys. Lett. B 733 (2014) 25 [arXiv:1402.6965] [INSPIRE].
J. Jaeckel, J. Redondo and A. Ringwald, A 3.55 keV hint for decaying axion-like particle dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 103511 [arXiv:1402.7335] [INSPIRE].
H.M. Lee, S.C. Park and W.-I. Park, Cluster X-ray line at 3.5 keV from axion-like dark matter, Eur. Phys. J. C 74 (2014) 3062 [arXiv:1403.0865] [INSPIRE].
R. Krall, M. Reece and T. Roxlo, Effective field theory and keV lines from dark matter, JCAP 09 (2014) 007 [arXiv:1403.1240] [INSPIRE].
C. El Aisati, T. Hambye and T. Scarnà, Can a millicharged dark matter particle emit an observable γ-ray line?, JHEP 08 (2014) 133 [arXiv:1403.1280] [INSPIRE].
J.-C. Park, S.C. Park and K. Kong, X-ray line signal from 7 keV axino dark matter decay, Phys. Lett. B 733 (2014) 217 [arXiv:1403.1536] [INSPIRE].
M.T. Frandsen, F. Sannino, I.M. Shoemaker and O. Svendsen, X-ray lines from dark matter: the good, the bad and the unlikely, JCAP 05 (2014) 033 [arXiv:1403.1570] [INSPIRE].
K. Nakayama, F. Takahashi and T.T. Yanagida, The 3.5 keV X-ray line signal from decaying moduli with low cutoff scale, Phys. Lett. B 735 (2014) 338 [arXiv:1403.1733] [INSPIRE].
K.-Y. Choi and O. Seto, X-ray line signal from decaying axino warm dark matter, Phys. Lett. B 735 (2014) 92 [arXiv:1403.1782] [INSPIRE].
M. Cicoli, J.P. Conlon, M.C.D. Marsh and M. Rummel, A 3.55 keV photon line and its morphology from a 3.55 keV ALP line, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 023540 [arXiv:1403.2370] [INSPIRE].
C. Kolda and J. Unwin, X-ray lines from R-parity violating decays of keV sparticles, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 023535 [arXiv:1403.5580] [INSPIRE].
N.E. Bomark and L. Roszkowski, 3.5 keV X-ray line from decaying gravitino dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 011701 [arXiv:1403.6503] [INSPIRE].
S.P. Liew, Axino dark matter in light of an anomalous X-ray line, JCAP 05 (2014) 044 [arXiv:1403.6621] [INSPIRE].
K. Nakayama, F. Takahashi and T.T. Yanagida, Anomaly-free flavor models for Nambu-Goldstone bosons and the 3.5 keV X-ray line signal, Phys. Lett. B 734 (2014) 178 [arXiv:1403.7390] [INSPIRE].
Z. Kang, P. Ko, T. Li and Y. Liu, Natural X-ray lines from the low scale supersymmetry breaking, arXiv:1403.7742 [INSPIRE].
S.V. Demidov and D.S. Gorbunov, SUSY in the sky or a keV signature of sub-GeV gravitino dark matter, arXiv:1404.1339 [INSPIRE].
F.S. Queiroz and K. Sinha, The poker face of the Majoron dark matter model: LUX to keV line, Phys. Lett. B 735 (2014) 69 [arXiv:1404.1400] [INSPIRE].
E. Dudas, L. Heurtier and Y. Mambrini, Generating X-ray lines from annihilating dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 035002 [arXiv:1404.1927] [INSPIRE].
K.S. Babu and R.N. Mohapatra, 7 keV scalar dark matter and the anomalous galactic X-ray spectrum, Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 115011 [arXiv:1404.2220] [INSPIRE].
K.P. Modak, 3.5 keV X-ray line signal from decay of right-handed neutrino due to transition magnetic moment, arXiv:1404.3676 [INSPIRE].
H.M. Lee, Magnetic dark matter for the X-ray line at 3.55 keV, Phys. Lett. B 738 (2014) 118 [arXiv:1404.5446] [INSPIRE].
S. Baek, P. Ko and W.-I. Park, The 3.5 keV X-ray line signature from annihilating and decaying dark matter in Weinberg model, arXiv:1405.3730 [INSPIRE].
S. Chakraborty, D.K. Ghosh and S. Roy, 7 keV sterile neutrino dark matter in U(1) R − lepton number model, JHEP 10 (2014) 146 [arXiv:1405.6967] [INSPIRE].
A. Abada, G. Arcadi and M. Lucente, Dark matter in the minimal inverse seesaw mechanism, arXiv:1406.6556 [INSPIRE].
C.-W. Chiang and T. Yamada, 3.5 keV X-ray line from nearly-degenerate WIMP dark matter decays, JHEP 09 (2014) 006 [arXiv:1407.0460] [INSPIRE].
J.M. Cline and A.R. Frey, Non-Abelian dark matter models for 3.5 keV X-rays, JCAP 10 (2014) 013 [arXiv:1408.0233] [INSPIRE].
B. Henning, J. Kehayias, H. Murayama, D. Pinner and T.T. Yanagida, A keV string axion from high scale supersymmetry, arXiv:1408.0286 [INSPIRE].
Y. Farzan and A.R. Akbarieh, Decaying vector dark matter as an explanation for the 3.5 keV line from galaxy clusters, arXiv:1408.2950 [INSPIRE].
G. Faisel, S.-Y. Ho and J. Tandean, Exploring X-ray lines as Scotogenic signals, Phys. Lett. B 738 (2014) 380 [arXiv:1408.5887] [INSPIRE].
K.K. Boddy, J.L. Feng, M. Kaplinghat, Y. Shadmi and T.M.P. Tait, SIMPle dark matter: self-interactions and keV lines, arXiv:1408.6532 [INSPIRE].
M. Cirelli, N. Fornengo and A. Strumia, Minimal dark matter, Nucl. Phys. B 753 (2006) 178 [hep-ph/0512090] [INSPIRE].
H.K. Dreiner, H.E. Haber and S.P. Martin, Two-component spinor techniques and Feynman rules for quantum field theory and supersymmetry, Phys. Rept. 494 (2010) 1 [arXiv:0812.1594] [INSPIRE].
S. Dimopoulos and G.F. Giudice, Multimessenger theories of gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking, Phys. Lett. B 393 (1997) 72 [hep-ph/9609344] [INSPIRE].
R. Essig, Direct detection of non-chiral dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) 015004 [arXiv:0710.1668] [INSPIRE].
C.D. Froggatt and H.B. Nielsen, Hierarchy of quark masses, Cabibbo angles and CP-violation, Nucl. Phys. B 147 (1979) 277 [INSPIRE].
M. Leurer, Y. Nir and N. Seiberg, Mass matrix models, Nucl. Phys. B 398 (1993) 319 [hep-ph/9212278] [INSPIRE].
M. Leurer, Y. Nir and N. Seiberg, Mass matrix models: the sequel, Nucl. Phys. B 420 (1994) 468 [hep-ph/9310320] [INSPIRE].
N. Arkani-Hamed and M. Schmaltz, Hierarchies without symmetries from extra dimensions, Phys. Rev. D 61 (2000) 033005 [hep-ph/9903417] [INSPIRE].
T. Gherghetta and A. Pomarol, Bulk fields and supersymmetry in a slice of AdS, Nucl. Phys. B 586 (2000) 141 [hep-ph/0003129] [INSPIRE].
A.E. Nelson and M.J. Strassler, Suppressing flavor anarchy, JHEP 09 (2000) 030 [hep-ph/0006251] [INSPIRE].
S.J. Huber and Q. Shafi, Fermion masses, mixings and proton decay in a Randall-Sundrum model, Phys. Lett. B 498 (2001) 256 [hep-ph/0010195] [INSPIRE].
H.E. Haber and D. Wyler, Radiative neutralino decay, Nucl. Phys. B 323 (1989) 267 [INSPIRE].
K. Griest and D. Seckel, Three exceptions in the calculation of relic abundances, Phys. Rev. D 43 (1991) 3191 [INSPIRE].
N. Arkani-Hamed, A. Delgado and G.F. Giudice, The well-tempered neutralino, Nucl. Phys. B 741 (2006) 108 [hep-ph/0601041] [INSPIRE].
G. Bélanger, F. Boudjema, A. Pukhov and A. Semenov, MicrOMEGAs 2.0: a program to calculate the relic density of dark matter in a generic model, Comput. Phys. Commun. 176 (2007) 367 [hep-ph/0607059] [INSPIRE].
A. Belyaev, N.D. Christensen and A. Pukhov, CalcHEP 3.4 for collider physics within and beyond the standard model, Comput. Phys. Commun. 184 (2013) 1729 [arXiv:1207.6082] [INSPIRE].
A. Alloul, N.D. Christensen, C. Degrande, C. Duhr and B. Fuks, FeynRules 2.0 — a complete toolbox for tree-level phenomenology, Comput. Phys. Commun. 185 (2014) 2250 [arXiv:1310.1921] [INSPIRE].
S.D. Thomas and J.D. Wells, Phenomenology of massive vectorlike doublet leptons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 34 [hep-ph/9804359] [INSPIRE].
M.R. Buckley, L. Randall and B. Shuve, LHC searches for non-chiral weakly charged multiplets, JHEP 05 (2011) 097 [arXiv:0909.4549] [INSPIRE].
S. Gori, S. Jung and L.-T. Wang, Cornering electroweakinos at the LHC, JHEP 10 (2013) 191 [arXiv:1307.5952] [INSPIRE].
H. Baer, A. Mustafayev and X. Tata, Monojets and mono-photons from light higgsino pair production at LHC14, Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 055007 [arXiv:1401.1162] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for a light Higgs boson decaying to long-lived weakly-interacting particles in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=7 \) TeV with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 251801 [arXiv:1203.1303] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for displaced muonic lepton jets from light Higgs boson decay in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=7 \) TeV with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Lett. B 721 (2013) 32 [arXiv:1210.0435] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for long-lived, heavy particles in final states with a muon and a multi-track displaced vertex in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=8 \) TeV with the ATLAS detector, ATLAS-CONF-2013-092, CERN, Geneva Switzerland (2013).
ATLAS collaboration, Search for long-lived neutral particles decaying into lepton jets in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=7 \) TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1409.0746 [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Search for long-lived particles decaying to final states that include dileptons, CMS-PAS-EXO-12-037, CERN, Geneva Switzerland (2012).
CMS collaboration, Search for long-lived neutral particles decaying to dijets, CMS-PAS-EXO-12-038, CERN, Geneva Switzerland (2012).
CMS collaboration, Search for displaced SUSY in dilepton final states, CMS-PAS-B2G-12-024, CERN, Geneva Switzerland (2012).
M. Berggren et al., Tackling light higgsinos at the ILC, Eur. Phys. J. C 73 (2013) 2660 [arXiv:1307.3566] [INSPIRE].
M. Low and L.-T. Wang, Neutralino dark matter at 14 TeV and 100 TeV, JHEP 08 (2014) 161 [arXiv:1404.0682] [INSPIRE].
A. Falkowski, Y. Hochberg and J.T. Ruderman, work in progress.
LUX collaboration, D.S. Akerib et al., First results from the LUX dark matter experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014) 091303 [arXiv:1310.8214] [INSPIRE].
M.C. Weisskopf et al., An overview of the performance and scientific results from the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 114 (2002) 1 [astro-ph/0110308] [INSPIRE].
K. Abazajian, Linear cosmological structure limits on warm dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 73 (2006) 063513 [astro-ph/0512631] [INSPIRE].
L. Bouchet et al., INTEGRAL SPI all-sky view in soft gamma rays: study of point source and galactic diffuse emissions, arXiv:0801.2086 [INSPIRE].
R. Essig, E. Kuflik, S.D. McDermott, T. Volansky and K.M. Zurek, Constraining light dark matter with diffuse X-ray and gamma-ray observations, JHEP 11 (2013) 193 [arXiv:1309.4091] [INSPIRE].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
ArXiv ePrint: 1409.2872
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Falkowski, A., Hochberg, Y. & Ruderman, J.T. Displaced vertices from X-ray lines. J. High Energ. Phys. 2014, 140 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2014)140
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2014)140
Keywords
- Beyond Standard Model
- Cosmology of Theories beyond the SM