Skip to main content
Log in

Cooperation in Virtual Worlds

  • Virtual Worlds
  • Published:
Schmalenbach Business Review Aims and scope

Abstract

This article reports the results of a controlled lab experiment that studies the effects of strategically irrelevant “cheap talk” via 3D world audio communication and 2D text messaging. I also analyze the effects of technical information richness, experience with a communication medium, social distance and collective orientation on cooperation. The findings indicate that persons in a situational setting that allows them to hope that the partner will respond in a cooperative manner show a higher degree of cooperation when engaging in cheap-talk computer-mediated-communication. The results show also that low social distance, collective orientation and experience with a medium is favorable for demonstrating trust, trustworthiness and cooperation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amichai-Hamburger, Yair (2005), The social net: Human behavior in cyberspace, New York, NJ: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreoni, James and John H. Miller (1993), Rational cooperation in the finitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma: experimental evidence, The Economic Journal 103, 570–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Back, Kurt W. (1951), Influence through social communication, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 46, 9–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailenson, Jeremy N. and Jim Blascovich (2004), Avatars, in Wiliam S. Bainbridge (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, Great Barrington: Berkshire Publishing Group, 64–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailenson, Jeremy N. and Nick Yee (2006), A longitudinal study of task performance, head movements, subjective report, simulator sickness, and transformed social interaction in collaborative virtual environments, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, 699–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailenson, Jeremy N., Nick Yee, Dan Merget, and Ralph Schroeder (2006), The Effect of Behavioral Realism and Form Realism of Real-Time Avatar Faces on Verbal Disclosure, Nonverbal Disclosure, Emotion Recognition, and Copresence in Dyadic Interaction, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, 359–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, Reuben M. and David A. Kenny (1986), The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, 1173–1182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, Joyce, John Dickhaut, and Kevin McCabe (1995), Trust, reciprocity, and social history, Games and Economic Behaviour 10, 122–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biocca, Frank (1995), Intelligence augmentation: The vision inside virtual reality, in Barbara Gorayska and Jacob L. Mey (eds.), Cognitive technology, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 59–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biocca, Frank and Kristine Nowak (2002), Plugging your body into the telecommunication system: Mediated embodiment, media interfaces, and social virtual environments, in David Atkin and Carolyn Lin (eds.), Communication technology and society: Audience adoption and uses, Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 407–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blume, Andreas (1998), Communication, Risk, and Efficiency in Games, Games and Economic Behavior 22, 171–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bochet, Olivier, Page Talbot, and Louis Putterman (2006), Communication and Punishment in Voluntary Contribution Experiments, Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization 60, 11–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohnet, Iris and Bruno S. Frey (1999), The sound of silence in prisoner’s dilemma and dictator games, Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization 38, 43–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, Gary and Axel Ockenfles (2002), ERC — A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity and Competition, American Economic Review 90, 166–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bracht, Juergen and Nick Feltovich (2007), Efficiency in the trust game: an experimental study of precommitment, International Journal of Game Theory, published online.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, Markus (2007), Second Life und business in virtuellen Welten, Whitepaper, Elephant Seven AG Hamburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, Marilynn B. and Madelyn Silver (1978), in-group bias as a function of task characteristics, European Journal of Social Psychology 8, 393–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brosig, Jeannette (2002), Identifying Cooperative Behaviour: Some Experimental Results in a Prisoner’s Dilemma Game, Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization 47, 257–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brosig, Jeannette, Axel Ockenfels, and Joachim Weimann (2003), The Effect of Communication Media on Cooperation, German Economic Review 4, 217–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchan, Nancy R. and Rachel T. A. Croson (1999), Gender and culture: international experimental evidence from trust games, American Economic Review 89, 386–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchan, Nancy R., Eric J. Johnson, and Rachel T. A. Croson (2006), Let’s get personal: an international examination of the influence of communication, culture and social distance on other regarding preferences, Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization 60, 373–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, John R. and Robert W. Zmud (1999), Channel expansion theory and the experimental nature of media richness perceptions, Academy of Management Journal 42, 153–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, John R. and Michael D. Irons (1991), Are Economists Different, and If So, Why?, Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, 171–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charness, Gary and Martin Dufwenberg (2006), Promises and Partnership, Econometrica 74, 1579–1601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charness, Gary and Martin Dufwenberg (2007), Broken Promises: An Experiment, Working Paper, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1114404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charness, Gary, Ernan Haruvy, and Doron Sonsino (2007), Social Distance and Reciprocity: An Internet Experiment, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 63, 88–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Yang and Sherry Li (forthcoming), Group Identity and Social Preferences, American Economic Review, forthcoming.

  • Cheng, Lili, Shelly Farnham, and Linda Stone (2002), Lessons learned: Building and deploying shared virtual environments, in Ralph Schroeder (ed.), The social life of avatars: Presence and interaction in shared virtual environments, London: Springer, 90–111.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, Joanie B., Gerald A. Mendelson, Richard W. Robins, and John Canny (2001), Effects of communication medium on interpersonal perceptions: Don’t hang up the Telefone yet!, in Proceedings of the 2001 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, Russell, Douglas V. DeJong, Robert Forsythe, and Thomas W. Ross (1989), Communication in the Battle of the Sexes Game: Some experimental results, The RAND Journal of Economics 20, 568–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, Russell, Douglas V. DeJong, Robert Forsythe, and Thomas W. Ross (1992), Communication in Coordination Games, Quarterly Journal of Economics 107, 739–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, Vincent P. and Joel Sobel (1982), Strategic Information Transmission, Econometrica 50, 1431–1451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, Vincent P (1998), A survey of experiments on communication via cheap talk, Journal of Economic Theory 78, 286–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croson, Rachel T. A. and Uri Gneezy (2004), Gender differences in preferences, Working Paper, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daft, Richard L. and Robert H. Lengel (1983), Information richness: a new approach to managerial behavior and organizational design, in L. L. Cummings and Barry M. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Homewood, IL: JAI Press, 191–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daft, Richard L., Robert H. Lengel, and Linda K. Trevino (1987), Message equivocality, media selection and manager performance: Implications for information systems, MIS Quarterly 11, 355–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawes, Robyn M., Jeanne McTavish, and Harriet Shaklee (1977), Behaviour, Communication, and Assumptions About Other People’s Behaviour in A Commons Dilemma Situation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, Alan R. and Joseph S. Valacich (1999), Rethinking media richness: towards a theory of media synchronicity, in Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii international conference on system science, Maui, HI, USA, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, John and Nick Feltovich (2002), Do actions speak louder than words? Observation vs. cheap talk as coordination devices, Games and Economic behavior 39, 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dufwenberg, Martin and Astri Muren (2002), Discrimination by gender and social distance, Whitepaper, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckel, Catherine C. and Philipp J. Grossman (2003), Men, women and risk aversion: experimental evidence, Working Paper, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellingsen, Tore and Magnus Johannesson (2002), Promises, Threats, and Fairness, Economic Journal 114, 397–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, Joseph (1987), Cheap Talk, Coordination, and Entry, The RAND Journal of Economics 18, 34–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, Joseph (1988), Communication, coordination and Nash equilibrium, Economics Letter 27, 209–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, Ernst and Klaus M. Schmidt (1999), A Theory of Fairness, Competition and Cooperation, Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 817–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, Marina and Julia Gallenkamp (2008), Virtualisierung der Kommunikation — Der Beitrag von Informationsreichhaltigkeit für Kooperation, Wirtschaftsinformatik 6, 472–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, Marina and Ernan Haruvy (2008a), The Lab versus the virtual lab and virtual field — an experimental investigation of trust games with communication, Working Paper, University of Texas at Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, Marina, Ernan Haruvy, and Sherry Xin Li (2008b), Social distance in a virtual world experiment, Working Paper, University of Texas at Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe, Robert, Joel L. Horowitz, Nathan E. Savin, and Martin Sefton (1994), Fairness in simple bargaining experiments, Games and Economic Behavior 6, 347–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, Robert H. (1988), Passions Within Reason. The Strategic Role of the Emotions, New York: Norton & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, Robert H., Thomas Gilovich, and Dennis T. Regan (1993), Does studying economics inhibit cooperation?, Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, 159–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, Bruno S. and Iris Bohnet (1997), Identification in democratic society, Journal of Socio-Economics 26, 25–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, Bruno S. and Stephan Meier (2002), Selfish and indoctrinated economists, Working Paper, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics University of Zurich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frohlich, Norman and Joe Oppenheimer (1998), Some consequences of e-mail vs. face-to-face communication in experiment, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 35, 389–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner (2007), Worldwide Consumer Broadband Penetration Sees Rapid Growth but Current Price Strategy Alone is Not Sustainable for Telecom Carriers Says Gartner, http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=501276 url.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, Jerry R. and Nancy L. Stokey (1983), A comparison of tournaments and contracts, Journal of Political Economy 91, 349–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greiner, Ben, Werner Güth, and Ro’i Zultan (2005), Let the Dummy Talk! Unilateral Communication andDiscrimination in Three-Person Dictator Experiments, Working Paper, University of Cologne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Güth, Werner, Rolf Schmittberger, and Bernd Schwarze (1982), An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining, Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization 3, 367–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Güth, Werner (1995), On ultimatum bargaining experiments — A personal review, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 27, 329–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gysler, Matthias, Jamie Brown-Kruse, and Renate Schubert (2002), Ambiguity and gender differences in financial decision making: an experimental examination of competence and confidence effects, Working Paper, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrich, Joseph and Natalie Smith (1999), Culture matters in bargaining and cooperation: cross-cultural evidence from Peru, Chile and the U.S, Working Paper, Ann Arbor MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Elizabeth,Kevin McCabe, and Vernon L. Smith (1996), Social distance and other regarding behavior in dictator games, The American Economic Review 86, 653–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Elizabeth and Matthew Spitzer (1982), The Coase Theorem: Some experimental tests, Journal of Law and Economics 25, 73–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, R. Mark and James M. Walker (1988), Communication and free-riding behaviour: the voluntary contribution mechanism, Economic Inquiry 26, 585–608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvenpaa, Sirkka L. and Dorothy E. Leidner (1999), Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams, Organization Science 10, 791–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, Carlos, Shelly D. Farnham, Steven M. Drucker, and Peter Kollock (1999), The effect of communication modality on cooperation in online environments, in Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, The Hague, The Netherlands, April 2000, 470–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Johnnie E.V. and Philip L. Powell (1994), Decision making, risk and gender: are managers different?, British Journal of Management 5, 123–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagel, John H., Chung Kim, and Donald Moser (1996), Fairness in ultimatum games with asymmetric information and asymmetric payoffs, Games and Economic Behavior 13, 100–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kayworth, Timothy and Dorothy Leidner (2000), The global virtual manager: a prescription for success, European Management Journal 18, 183–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, Janice, Gail Futoran, and Joseph McGrath (1990), Capacity and capability: seven studies of entertainment of task performance in task performance rates, Small Group Research 21, 283–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, Janice and Joseph McGrath (1985), Effects of time limits and task types on task performance and interaction of four person groups, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49, 395–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, Dacher and George A. Bonanno (1997), A study of laughter and dissociation: The distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73, 687–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiesler, Sara, Jane Siegel, and Timothy W. McGuire (1984), Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication, American Psychologist 39, 1123–1134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, Ruth C. and Xia Weidong (1997), Media appropriateness: effects of experience on communication media choice, Decision Sciences 28, 877–910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kock, Ned (2004), The psychobiological model: Towards a new theory of computer-mediated communication based on Darwinian evolution, Organization Science 15, 327–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kollock, Peter (1998), Social Dilemmas: The Anatomy of Cooperation, Annual Review of Sociology 24, 183–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lea, Rodger, Yasuaki Honda, and Kouichi Matsuda (1997), Virtual Society: Collaboration in 3D Spaces on the Internet. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, The Journal of Collaborative Computing 6, 227–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lea, Martin and Russell Spears (1992), Paralanguage and Social Perception in Computer-Mediated Communication, Journal of Organizational Computing 2, 321–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, David K. (1995), Modelling altruism and spitefulness in experiments, Working Paper, Department of Economics UCLA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden Research Inc. (2007), What is Second Life?, http://www.secondlife.com/whatis/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus, M. Lynne (1994), Electronic Mail as the Medium of Managerial Choice, Organization Science 5, 502–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maznevski, Martha L. and Katherine M. Chudoba (2000), Bridging Space over Time: Global virtual team dynamics and effectiveness, Organization Science 11, 473–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKelvey, Richard D. and Thomas R. Palfrey (1992), An experimental study of the centipede game, Econometrica 60, 803–836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merola, Nicholas, Jorge Penas, and Jeff Hancock (2006), Avatar color and social identity effects: On attitudes and group dynamics in virtual realities, Paper presented at the ICA 2006, Dresden, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerson, Debra, Karl E. Weick, and Roderick M. Kramer (1996), Swift trust and temporary groups, in Roderick M. Kramer and Tom R. Tyler (eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 166–195.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nardi, Bonnie and Steve Whittaker (2002), The place of face-to-face communication in distributed work, in Pamela J. Hinds and Sara Kiesler (eds.), Distributed Work: New Research on Working across distance using technology, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 83–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, Shaun (2006), Building the 3D Internet, IT-News, 27.11.2006, http://www.itnews.com.au/newsstory.aspx?CIaNID=42704.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nohria, Nitin and Robert G. Eccles (1992), Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, Christine L. and Christian Rauh (2005), The Influence of the Avatar on Online Perceptions of Anthropomorphism, Androgyny, Credibility, Homophily, and Attraction, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11, 153–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ngwenyama, Ojelanki K. and Allen S. Lee (1997), Communication Richness in Electronic Mail: Critical Social Theory and the Contextuality of Meaning, MIS Quarterly 21, 145–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nydegger, Rudy and Guillermo Owen (1974), Two Person Bargaining: An experimental test of the Nash axioms, International Journal of Game Theory 3, 329–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Hara-Devereaux, Mary and Robert Johansen (1994), Globalwork: Bridging Distance, Culture, and Time, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orbell, John M., Alphons J. van de Kragt, and Robyn M. Dawes (1988), Explaining Discussion-Induced Cooperation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, 811–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, Elinor, James Walker, and Roy Gardner (1992), Covenants With and Without a Sword: Self-Governance is Possible, The American Political Science Review 86, 404–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piller, Frank and Fabrizzio Salvador (2007), A total makeover of retail — Rather than pursuing marginal improvements in speed, the next source of competitive advantage for retailers lies on creating virtual representations of their customers and assortments, Working Paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Postmes, Tom, Russell Spears, and Martin Lea (1998), Breaching or Building Social Boundaries?, Communication Research 25, 689–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, Walter W. (1990), Neither Market Nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization, Research in Organizational Behavior 12, 295–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preece, Jenny and Diane Maloney-Krichmar (2003), Online Communities, in Julie Jacko and Andrew Sears (eds.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Publishers, 596–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, Deborah A., Dale T. Miller, and Jenifer R. Lightdale (1994), Asymmetries in Attachments to Groups and to their Members: Distinguishing between Common-Identity and Common-Bond Groups, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20, 484–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabin, Matthew (1993), Incorporation fairness into game theory and economics, The American Economic Revue 83, 1281–1302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radner, Roy and Andrew Schotter (1989), The Sealed-Bid Mechanism: An experimental study, Journal of Economic Theory 48, 179–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, Yuqing, Robert Kraut, and Sara Kiesler (2007), Applying Common Identity and Bond Theory to Design of Online Communities, Organization Studies 28, 377–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, Roland E. and Douglas E. Shook (1990), Relationships of job categories and organizational levels to use of communication channels, including electronic mail: A meta-analysis and extension, Journal of Management Studies 27, 195–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, Alvin E. (1995), Bargaining Experiments, in John H. Kagel and Alvin E. Roth (eds.), The Handbook of Experimental Economics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 253–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salem, Ben (2005), Commedia virtuale: from theatre to avatars, Digital Creativity 6, 129–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sally, David (1995), Conversation and cooperation in social dilemmas: a meta analysis of experiment from 19581992, Rationality and Society 7, 58–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, Carsten and Ro’i Zultan (2005), The Uncontrolled Social Utility Hypothesis Revisited, Economics Bulletin 3, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, Ralph (2002), Social interaction in virtual environments: Key issues, common themes, and a framework for research, in Ralph Schroeder (ed.), The social life of avatars; Presence and interaction in shared virtual environments, London: Springer, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, Renate, Martin Brown, Matthias Gysler, and Hans W. Brachinger (1999), Financial decision making: are women really more risk avers?, in AEA Papers and Proceedings, 381–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scodel, Alvin, Syer J. Minas, Philiburn Ratoosh, and Milton Lipetz (1959), Some descriptive aspects of two-person, non-zero-sum games, Journal of Conflict Resolution 3, 114–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, Dinesh (2005), Study: Broadband penetration to surge by 2010, CNETNews, http://news.com.com/2100-1034_3-5815756.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheeks, Miranda S. and Zachary P. Birchmeier (2007), Shyness, Sociability, and the Use of Computer-Mediated Communication in Relationship Development, Cyper-Psychology & Behavior 10, 64–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Short, John, Ederyn Williams, and Bruce Christie (1976), The social psychology of telecommunications, London: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, Mel and Martin Usoh (1994), Body centred interaction in immersive virtual environments, in Nadia M. Thalmann and Daniel Thalmann (eds.), Artificial Life and Virtual Reality, New York, NJ: Wiley & Sons, 125–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spears, Russell and Martin Lea (1994), Panacea or panopticon? The hidden power in computer-mediated communication, Communication Research 21, 427–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sproull, Lee and Sara Kiesler (1991), Connections: New ways of working in the networked organization, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straub, Detmar W. (1994), The effect of culture on IT Diffusion: E-Mail and FAX in Japan and the U.S., Information Systems Research 5, 23–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutter, Matthias and Christina Strassmaier (2005), Communication, cooperation and collusion in team tournaments/an experimental study, Working Paper, Innsbruck and Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, Henri (1972), Experiments in a vacuum, in Joachim Israel and Henri T. Triandis (eds.), The context of social psychology: A critical assessment, London: Academic Press, 69–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Tina L. (2002), Living digitally: Embodiment in virtual worlds, London: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, Matthew, Jeremy Bailenson, Andrew Beall, Jim Blascovich, and Rosanna Guadagno (2004), Multimodal transformed social interaction, International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, in Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multimodal interfaces, 2004, State College, Pennsylvania, USA, 46–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, John C. (1985), Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior, in Edward J. Lawler (ed.), Advances in group processes: Theory and research, Ridgeway: JAI Press, 77–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walther, Joseph B. (1994), Anticipated ongoing interaction versus channel effects on relational communication in computer mediated interaction, Human Communication Research 20, 473–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walther, Joseph B. (1996), Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal and hyperpersonal interactions, Communication Research 23, 3–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walther, Joseph B. (1997), Group and interpersonal effects in international computer-mediated collaboration, Human Communication Research 23, 342–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walther, Joseph B., Jeffrey Anderson, and David W. Park (1994), Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A meta-analysis of social and anti-social communication, Communication Research 21, 460–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walther, Joseph B., Ulla Bunz, and Natalia Bazarova (2005), The rules of virtual groups, Proceedings of the 38th Hawaii Conference on System Sciences.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Walther, Joseph B. and Malcom R. Parks (2002), Cues filtered out, cues filtered in: Computer-mediated communication and relationships, in Mark L. Knapp and John A. Daly (eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 529–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson-Manheim, Mary B. and France Bélanger (2007), Communication media repertoires: Dealing with the multiplicity of media choices, MIS Quarterly 31, 267–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. Vance (2005), Persuasive effects of system features in computer-mediated communication, Journal of organizational computing and electronic commerce 15, 161–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, Rick K. and Jane Sell (1997), Liar Liar…, Cheap talk and reputation in repeated public goods setting, Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, 695–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yee, Nick and Jeremy Bailenson (in press), The Proteus Effect: The Effect of Transformed Self-Representation on Behavior, Human Communication Research.

  • Yee, Nick (2007), The Proteus effect: behavioural modification via transformations of digital self-representation, dissertation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yezer, Anthony M., Robert S. Goldfarb, and Paul J. Poppen (1996), Does studying economics discourage cooperation? Watch what I do, not what I say or how I play, Journal of Economic Perspectives 10, 177–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Dongsong, Paul B. Lowry, Lina Zhou, and Xiaolan Fu (2007), The impact of individualism-collectivism, social presence, and group diversity on group decision making under majority influence, Journal of Management Information Systems 23, 53–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Jun, Nathan Bos, Judith S. Olson, and Gary M. Olson (2001), Trust without touch: jum-start trust with social chat, in Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seattle, WA, 293–294.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marina Fiedler.

Additional information

I am indebted to Rachel Croson, Ernan Haruvy, Sherry Li, Arnold Picot, Klaus Schmidt, and Anja Tuschke for helpful advice. I thank Mehmed Celik, Miriam Davood-Badal, Lisa Dettendorfer, Michael Hauser, Silvia Heer, Michael Kellerer, Clemens Mache, Marcel Michelmann, Christoph Partosch, Silke Schuppler, and especially Marco van Baal, Julia Gallenkamp, and Katharina Hennig for excellent research assistance. Financial support of LMUexcellent is gratefully acknowledged.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fiedler, M. Cooperation in Virtual Worlds. Schmalenbach Bus Rev 61, 173–194 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03396783

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03396783

JEL-Classification

Keywords

Navigation