Abstract
The efficacy of the antagonistic yeasts Pseudozyma fusiformata AP6, Metschnikowia fructicola AP47 and Aureobasidium pullulans PL5 were investigated, in combination with hot water dipping (HWD), to control brown rot of peaches caused by Monilinia laxa. The effects on postharvest fruit quality were also evaluated under semi-commercial conditions. In potato dextrose broth, HWD at 50°C for more than 40 s or at 55-60°C for more than 10 s completely suppressed M. laxa spore germination and germ tube elongation. In fruits inoculated by wounding, HWD at 55°C for 50 s significantly reduced brown rot decay and maintained fruit quality. This treatment would be optimal for commercial application. The harvested fruits were dipped in HW at 55°C for 50 s, cooled to 1°C for 10 min, dipped in the selected yeast cell suspension (108 cells ml−1) for 60 s, and then stored at 1°C and 95% relative humidity (RH). After 21 days, the disease incidence was measured and the postharvest quality parameters of the fruits, including firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and titratable acidity, were measured. When used alone, the antagonists AP6, AP47 and PL5 reduced brown rot incidence on the peaches to 28.3%, 30.0% and 25.8%, respectively, compared with 74.2% for the untreated control. However, when applied together with HWD, AP6, AP47 and PL5 reduced brown rot incidences to 16.7%, 15.8% and 17.5%, respectively, while when HWD was used alone, disease incidence was 30.0%, suggesting that HWD greatly increased the effectiveness of the antagonists. In combination with HWD, the efficacies of AP6, AP47 and PL5 signifi-cantly increased from 61.8%, 59.6% and 65.2% to 77.5%, 78.7% and 76.4%, respectively, and they were similar to the efficacy of tebuconazole (77.5%). Analysis of postharvest quality indicated that none of the treatments damaged fruit quality. Our results showed that the three antagonists combined with HWD at 55°C for 50 s exhibited potential for commercial use, as an effective alternative to fungicides in controlling postharvest brown rot of peaches. This appears to be the first report on combined application of yeast strains M. fructicola or P. fusiformata with HWD to control M. laxa on peaches.
Zusammenfassung
Zur Bekämpfung der Fruchtfäule an Pfirsichen verursacht durch Monilinia laxa wurde die Wirksamkeit der antagonistischen Hefen Pseudozyma fusiformata AP6, Metschnikowia fructicola AP47 and Aureobasidium pullulans PL5 in Kombination mit einer Heißwasserbehandlung (HWD) untersucht. Außerdem wurden die Auswirkungen auf die Früchte nach der Ernte unter semikommerziellen Bedingungen geprüft. Die Sporenkeimung und das Keimschlauchwachstum von M. laxa wurden in Kartoffel-Dextrose-Medium bei 50°C für mehr als 40 s oder bei 55–60°C für mehr als 10 s vollständig unterdrückt. In Früchten, die per Verwundung inokuliert wurden, wird die Fruchtfäule durch HWD bei 55°C für 50 s signifikant reduziert und die Fruchtqualität bleibt erhalten. Diese Behandlung eignet sich optimal zur kommerziellen Anwendung. Die geernteten Früchte werden für 50 s in 55°C heißes Wasser getaucht, anschließend für 10 min auf 1°C abgekühlt, dann für 60 s in die Hefezellsuspension (108 Zellen ml−1) getaucht und bei 1°C und 95% relative Luftfeuchtigkeit (RH) gelagert. Nach 21 Tagen wurde die Krankheitsentwicklung erfasst und die Nacherntequalitätsparameter der Früchte wie Fruchtfleischfestigkeit, Anteil der löslichen Feststoffe, Ascorbinsäuregehalt und Säuregehalt gemessen. In der Einzelbehandlung reduzierten die Antagonisten AP6, AP47 und PL5 das Braunfäulevorkommen an den Pfirsichen auf 28.3%, 30.0% und 25.8%, verglichen mit 74. % bei der unbehandelten Kontrolle. Dagegen wurde in Kombination mit HWD bei AP6, AP47 und PL5 eine Reduktion des Krankheitsauftretens auf 16.7%, 15.8% und 17.5% erreicht, während mit der HWD alleine die Krankheit nur auf 30% reduziert werden konnte. Das zeigt, dass die Wirksamkeit der Antagonisten durch die HWD deutlich gesteigert wird. In Kombination mit HWD wird die Wirksamkeit von AP6, AP47 und PL5 jeweils signifikant von 61.8%, 59.6% und 65.2% auf 77.5%, 78.5% und 76.4% gesteigert und erreichen somit eine ähnlich hohe Wirksamkeit wie Tebuconazol (77.5%). Die Untersuchung der Nacherntequalität hat ergeben, dass keine der Behandlungen die Fruchtqualität gestört haben. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die drei Antagonisten jeweils in Kombination mit HWD bei 55°C für 50 s auch im kommerziellen Einsatz eine effektive Alternative zur Fungizidanwendung als Bekämpfung gegen die Braunfäule bei Pfirsichen darstellt. Dies ist nach Meinung der Autoren die erste Arbeit, die eine kombinierte Anwendung der Hefestämme M.fructicola oder P. fusiformata mit einer Heißwasserbehandlung als Bekämpfung gegen M. laxa an Pfirsichen zeigt.
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Zhang, D., Lopez-Reyes, J.G., Spadaro, D. et al. Efficacy of yeast antagonists used individually or in combination with hot water dipping for control of postharvest brown rot of peaches. J Plant Dis Prot 117, 226–232 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356365
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356365
Key words
- Aureobasidium pullulans
- Biological control
- Metschnikowia fructicola
- Monilinia laxa
- Prunus persica
- Pseudozyma fusiformata