Abstract
The effects of infections of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum alone as well as double infections of BYDV and Fusarium spp. on assimilation of 14CO2 by flag leaves and translocation of photosynthates in winter wheat cultivars ‘Agent’ (susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB)) and ‘Petrus’ (moderately resistant to FHB) were studied in outdoor pot experiments in 2001 and 2002. Wheat plants were inoculated with BYDV-PAV strain by Rhopalosiphum padi at growth stage (GS) 51 in 2001 and at GS 39 in 2002. Control plants were inoculated with virus free aphids. In the middle part of spikes single florets of wheat plants of both cvs were inoculated at GS 65 with conidia suspensions of F. culmorum in 2001 and F. graminearum in 2002. Exposure of flag leaves with 14CO2 revealed that photosynthetic fixation was most pronounced at GS 71 and declined from GS 75 to GS 85. F. culmorum infections diminished absorption of 14CO2 by flag leaves in cv. ‘Agent’ and very low percentages of photosynthates were transported into the middle and upper head parts, while absorption of 14CO2 in cv. ‘Petrus’ was only slightly reduced and high proportions of 14C assimilates were translocated also into the middle and upper spike sections. BYDV infections markedly reduced 14CO2 assimilation by flag leaves and export of photosynthates into wheat spikes of both cvs, especially in cv. ‘Petrus’. In double infected plants (BYDV and Fusarium spp.), photosynthetic fixation by flag leaves of both cvs at the first and second exposure times corresponded with that of BYDV-infected plants. However, export of assimilates in spikes was more effectively reduced in cv. ‘Agent’ than in cv. ‘Petrus’. Preinfestation with R. padi slightly reduced assimilation of 14CO2 in both cvs. In cv. ‘Agent’, translocation of 14C assimilates into the upper spike section was more impaired than in cv. ‘Petrus’. Assimilation of 14CO2 and distribution pattern of 14C assimilates in R. padi-preinfested plus Fusarium-infected plants of both cvs resembled that of fungus-infected plants at the first two exposure times.
Absorption of 14CO2 by flag leaves and translocation of assimilates into spikes was markedly affected by severity of virus infection. The earlier BYDV inoculation in 2002 at GS 39 resulted in more severe virus infection and, therefore, drastically diminished 14CO2 absorption by flag leaves and translocation of photosynthates into spikes compared to 2001 when wheat plants were inoculated at GS 51.
The differential translocation of photosynthates into Fusarium-infected spikes of the two cvs ‘Agent’ and ‘Petrus’ reflects the varying susceptibility of both cvs to FHB. The studies also revealed severe effects of BYD-disease on FHB development. This interaction may result in practical consequences.
Zusammenfassung
Die Einflüsse von Infektionen von Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Fusarium culmorum und F. graminearum allein sowie von Doppelinfektionen von BYDV und Fusarium spp. auf die Assimilation von 14CO2 durch Fahnenblätter und Translokation von Photosyntheseprodukten in den Winterweizen-Sorten ‘Agent’ (anfällig gegenüber ährenfusariosen) und ‘Petrus’ (mäßig resistent gegenüber ährenfusariosen) wurden in Gefäßversuchen der Vegetationshalle in den Jahren 2001 und 2002 untersucht. Weizenpflanzen wurden mit dem BYDV-PAV-Stamm durch Rhopalosiphum padi im Entwicklungsstadium (GS) 51 2001 und im GS 39 2002 inokuliert. Kontrollpflanzen wurden mit virusfreien Aphiden inokuliert. Im mittleren Bereich der ähren wurden Einzelährchen der Weizenpflanzen beider Sorten in GS 65 mit Konidiensuspension von F. culmorum 2001 und von F. graminearum 2002 inokuliert. Behandlung der Fahnenblätter mit 14CO2 ergab, dass die photosynthetische Fixierung am ausgeprägtesten war in GS 71, und über GS 75 zum GS 85 abnahm. F. culmorum-Infektionen verminderten die Absorption von 14CO2 durch Fahnenblätter der Sorte ‘Agent’, und sehr geringe Anteile der Assimilate wurden in den mittleren und oberen ährenabschnitt transportiert, während die Absorption von 14CO2 bei der Sorte ‘Petrus’ nur leicht vermindert war und hohe Anteile der Assimilate auch in den mittleren und oberen ährenabschnitt transloziert wurden. BYDV-Infektionen verminderten deutlich die 14CO2-Assimilation durch die Fahnenblätter und den Export von Photosyntheseprodukten in Weizenähren von beiden Sorten, insbesondere bei der Sorte ‘Petrus’. In doppelt infizierten Pflanzen (BYDV und Fusarium spp.) entsprach die photosynthetische Fixierung durch die Fahnenblätter beider Sorten zu den ersten beiden Expositionsterminen der von BYDV-infizierten Pflanzen. Allerdings wurde der Export der Assimilate in die ähren wirksamer bei der Sorte ‘Agent’ als bei der Sorte ‘Petrus’ vermindert. Vorbefall mit R. padi verminderte die 14CO2-Assimilation in beiden Sorten nur geringfügig. Bei der Sorte ‘Agent’ war die Translokation der 14C-Assimilate in den oberen ährenabschnitt stärker beeinträchtigt als bei der Sorte ‘Petrus’. Die Assimilation von 14CO2 und das Verteilungsmuster der 14C-Assimilate bei Pflanzen mit R. padi-Vorbefall und Fusarium-ähreninfektion entsprachen denen Fusarium-infizierter Pflanzen zu beiden Expositionsterminen.
Absorption von 14CO2 durch Fahnenblätter und Translokation der Assimilate in die ähren wurde deutlich durch die Stärke der Virusinfektion beeinflusst. Eine frühere BYDV-Inokulation 2002 im GS 39 führte zu einer stärkeren Virusinfektion und einer somit drastisch verminderten 14CO2-Absorption durch Fahnenblätter und Translokation von Photosyntheseprodukten in ähren im Vergleich zu 2001, als die Weizenpflanzen in GS 51 inokuliert worden waren.
Die unterschiedliche Translokation von Photosyntheseprodukten in Fusarium-infizierten ähren der zwei Sorten ‘Agent’ und ‘Petrus’ spiegelt die unterschiedliche Anfälligkeit von beiden Sorten gegen ährenfusarien wider. Die Untersuchungen zeigten auch eine starke Wirkung der BYD-Erkrankung auf die Entwicklung der ährenfusarien. Diese Interaktion kann praktische Auswirkung haben.
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Liu, Y., Buchenauer, H. Effect of infections with barley yellow dwarf virus and Fusarium spp. on assimilation of 14CO2 by flag leaves and translocation of photosynthates in wheat. J Plant Dis Prot 112, 529–543 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356150
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356150
Key words
- BYDV
- Fusarium head blight
- Fusarium spp.
- photosynthesis
- radioactivity of 14CO2
- translocation of photosynthates