Skip to main content
Log in

Advances in the extractive metallurgy of selected rare and precious metals

  • 1991 Review of Extractive Metallurgy
  • Published:
JOM Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The broad field of extractive metallurgy, often perceived as an unimportant point of light in the universe of technology, has undergone significant, fundamental changes in the past 30 years. Improved extraction technologies now permit greater metal recovery, reduce the time that metal values are chemically locked up and diminish the economic impact of environmental regulations. Much of this accomplishment is due to the application of solvent extraction. As evidenced by improvements in the extraction of rare and precious metals, research in extractive metallurgy technology not only exists, but has achieved palpable results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Bibliography

  • Abe, H., T. Yamada and S. Okada. “Recovery of Gallium and Indium at Dowa Mining.” Proc. 4th ]t. Mtg. MMIJ-AIME. Vol. II. Tokyo: MMIJ, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashbrook, A.W. “A Review of the Use of Carboxylic Acids as Extractants for the Separation of Metals in Commercial Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations.” Mineral Sci. Eng. 5(3) (July 1973): pp. 169–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, D., and Y. Pescher-Cluzeau. “Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Aluminum and Gallium with 5-Substituted 8-Hydroxyquinolines.” Hydrometall. 18 (1987): pp. 243–253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertha, J., J. Wallner and H. Wörz. “Hydrometallurgical Process for the Separation and Enrichment of Gold, Platinum and Palladium, together with Recovery of Selenium, from the Anode Sludge of Copper Electrolysis.“ U.S. patent 4,770,700 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boateng, D.A.D., D.L. Ball and G.M. Swinkels. “Recovery of Germanium from Aqueous Solutions.” U.S. patent 4,525,332 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Shangming. “Preliminary Approach to Indium Recovery from Vertical Retort Zinc Distillation Process.” Zinc ’85, ed. K. Tozawa. Tokyo: MMIJ, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleare, M.J., P. Charlesworth and D.J. Bryson. “Solvent Extraction in Platinum Group Metal Processing.” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol 29 (1979): pp. 210–224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crossley, C.L., H.E. Hirsch and S.C. Liang. “Electrowinning of Gallium.” U.S. patent 3,966,568 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Michelis, T., and F. Gnesotto. “The Porto Marghera Electrolytic Zinc Plant of Montepone e Montevecchio.” ExtradiveMetallurgyofLeadandZinc, ed.C.H. Cotterill and J.M. Cigan. New York: AIME, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Schepper, A. “A Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Germanium by LIX 63.”Hydrometall. 1 (1976): pp. 291–298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Schepper, A., and A. Van Peteghem. “Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Germanium from Aqueous Solution Using Hydroxy-oximes.” U.S. patent 3,883,634 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, R.I. “Refining of the Platinum-Group Metals” JOM 28(8) (1976): pp. 4–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, R.I., J.P. Loo and D.I. Ossin. “Process for the Treatment of Platinum-Group Metals and Gold.” U.S. patent 4,188,362 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry. 8th ed. Platinum Supplement. Vol. Al. Berlin: Springer, 1986.

  • Grant, R. A. “Solvent Extraction of Platinum-Group Metals.” British patent 2,065,092B (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, R.A., and B.A. Murrer. “Extraction of Metals.” U.S. patent 4,726,841 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  • Halle, C.E. Oroya (Peru) metallurgical operations (1970), Cerro de Pasco Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helgorsky, J., and A. Leveque. “Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Gallium Values from Highly Basic Aqueous Solutions Thereof.” U.S. patent 4,169,130 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubert, F., and F. Stary, “Germanium als Nebenprodukt der Technischen Zinkelektrolyse. I: Labroversuche.” Erzmetal. 35 (1982): pp. 184–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, J.E. “Extracting and Refining Germanium” JOM 39(6) (1987): pp. 42–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, J.E. “Recovery of Selenium from Electrolytic Copper Refinery Slimes.” Precious Metals: Mining, Extraction and Processing, ed. V. Kudryk, D.A. Corrigan and W. W. Liang. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, J.E. “The Wet Chlorination of Electrolytic Refinery Slimes.” JOM 42(8) (1990): pp. 50–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, J.E., and D.C. Cusanelli. “Process for Chlorina-tion of Electrolytic Copper Refinery Slimes.” U.S. patent 3,249,399 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, J.E., and R.G. Ernst. “Recovery of Silver from ElectrolyticCopperRefinerySlimes.”U.S.patent3,658,510 0972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, J.E., P.D. Parker and A.C. Sabo. “Extraction and Purification of Silver from Sulfates.” U.S. patent 3,996,046 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • How, Y.C., et al. “The Separation of Selenium from Tellurium in Hydrochloric Acid Media by Solvent Extraction with Tributyl Phosphate.” Hydrometall. 9 (1983): pp. 381–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanova, R. V., et al. “Process for Extraction of Gallium from Alkaline Gallium-Containing Solutions.” U.S. patent 4,061,551 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, P.H., and J.C.T. Farge. “The Production of High-Purity Tellurium.” Can. Min. Metall. Bull. (646) (1966): pp. 193–200.

  • Jordanov, N., and L. Futekov. “Untersuchungen über den Mechanismus der Selen (IV)—Extraktion mit Gesättigten Alipharischen Monoketonen.” Talanta 13 (1966): pp. 163–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, J.C., M.D. Wardell and CF. Davidson. “Extraction of Gallium and Germanium from Domestic Resources.” Salt Lake City Research Center, U.S. Bureau of Mines (February 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Katsura, T., and H. Abe. “Solvent Extraction of Indium and/ or Gallium.” U.S. patent 3,920,450 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Knothe, V.M. “Untersuchungen zur Extraktion der Pt-Metalle mit Tributyl-phosphat aus Salzsäuren Lösungen.” Z. Anoirg. allg. Chem. 470 (1980): pp. 216–226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krajewski, W, and K. Hanusch. “Process for the Fluid-Fluid Extraction of Gallium, Germanium or Indium from Liquid Solutions.” U.S. patent 4,666,686 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leveque, A., and M. Triollier. “Purification of Solutions of Gallium Values by Liquid/Liquid Extractions.” U.S. patent 4,369,166 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsui, S-, et al. “Process for Recovering Gallium from Aluminum Smelting Dust.” U.S. patent 4,639,355 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, D.F.C., and M. Ali Khan. “Application of Solvent Extraction to the Refining of Precious Metals—III: Purification of Gold.” Talanta 15 (1968): pp. 1301–1305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pohlandt, C. “Octylaniline, A New Extradant for Noble Metals.” Rep. Natn. Inst. Metall. 1881 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pourbaix, M.J.N., ed. Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions. 2nd ed. Houston, TX: NACE, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pouskouleli, G., S. Kelebek and G.P. Demopoulos. “Recovery and Separation of Platinum and Palladium by Coextraction and Differential Stripping.” Separation Processes in Hydrometallurgy, ed. G.A. Davies. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd. for Society of Chemical Industry, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, S. Advanced Chemistry of Rare Elements. 3rd ed. New York: Chemical Publishing Co., 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, G.F., S.G. Baranyai and L.O. Moore. “Gold Recovery by Reduction of Solvent-Extracted Au(III) Chloride Complex—A Kinetic Study.” Precious Metals: Proc. 4th International Precious Metals Institute Conference. Toronto: Pergamon Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritcey, G.M. “Some Economic Considerations in the Recovery of Metals by Solvent Extraction.” Can. Min. Metall. Bull. (758) (June 1975): pp. 85–94.

  • Rouillard, D., et al. “Procédéd’Extraction Selective du Germanium.” European patent 46,437 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  • Run-cang, T., F. Jia-yan and Z. Ling-zhi. “New Technology for Indium, Germanium and Gallium Recovery in an Electrolytic Zinc Plant.” Guangzhou Research Institute of Non-ferrous Metals, China.

  • Sullivan, R.E., W.R. Stern and B.L. Vance. “Process for Recovering Gallium.” U.S. patent 4,193,968 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J.A., et al. “Hydrometallurgical Processing of Precious Metal-Containing Materials.” European patent 49,169 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, C.E.T., and J.A. Slattery. “Review of the Extractive Metallurgy of Indium.” Utica, NY: Indium Corporation of America, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Editor’s Note

This article is adapted and updated from the 24th Sir Julius Wernher Memorial Lecture of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (U.K.), delivered July 10,1989, at the conference Extraction Metallurgy ’89 and published the same month by Minerals Industry International (pp. 5-16). Its message is as timely now as the day it was delivered.

Author’s Note

I should like to request the indulgence of the many scientists and engineers who developed and implemented the processes that are described here. Much of what is presented below is already known to them in greater detail and accuracy, but it is hoped that by the inclusion of a variety of rare and precious metals and their attendant technologies some useful information will be provided to all readers.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hoffmann, J.E. Advances in the extractive metallurgy of selected rare and precious metals. JOM 43, 18–23 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03220539

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03220539

Keywords

Navigation