Abstract
Der vorliegende Aufsatz entwickelt eine makrosoziologische Strategie zur Erklärung eliminatiorischer ethnischer Säuberungen. In einem ersten Schritt wird gezeigt, dass Ansätze, die den Staat oder eine schwache Zivilgesellschaft als zentralen Erklärungsfaktor heranziehen, der historischen Vielfalt und Komplexität der zu erklärenden Ereignisse nicht gerecht werden. Vielmehr ist eine präzise Analyse politischer Akteure und Akteurskonstellationen erforderlich. In einem zweiten Schritt wird in der Form einer Typologie das theoretische Möglichkeitsfeld politischer Konstellationen ethnischer Gruppen abgesteckt, wobei Multikulturalismus und Genozid die Extrempole der Typologie markieren. Im dritten und umfangreichsten Teil des Aufsatzes wird schließlich in Form einer fünfstufigen weltgeschichtlichen Periodisierung eine historisch-vergleichende Strategie zur Erklärung ethnischer Säuberungsprozesse skizziert. Dabei wird deutlich, wie die Faktoren Sprache, Religion und Territorialität (Provinz) bei der politischen Formierung konkreter ethnischer Akteurskonstellationen so zusammenwirken, dass das gesamte zuvor entwickelte typisierende Möglichkeitsfeld historisch abgedeckt wird.
Summary
This essay outlines a macro-sociological approach to explain murderous ethnic cleansing. Firstly, the author rejects alternative approaches which focus either on the state or weak civil societies as the crucial factors of explanation and suggests a precise analysis of political actors and their constellations, in order to cover the historical diversity and complexity of this phenomenon. Secondly, against this background he develops a theoretical field of possibilities concerning the political constellations of ethnic groups. Multiculturalism and genozide are the extreme poles of this typology. Thirdly, the author develops a comparative historical strategy to explain the processes of ethnic cleansing. He shows that language, religion and territory (province) are the crucial factors which combine in the political formation of concrete ethnic actors’s constellations to cover the entire typological field of possibilities. The approach concentrates on conflicts about the political sovereignty of ethnic groups but it does not pretend to offer a full explanation, since this would afford additional micro-sociological strategies
Résumé
Le présent travail développe en trois parties une stratégie macrosociologique pour expliquer les nettoyages ethniques éliminatoires. Une première partie montre que les énoncés qui présentent l’Etat ou une société civile faible comme facteurs d’explication centraux ne sont pas en accord avec la complexité et la diversité historique des évènements en question. Une analyse précise des acteurs politiques et des constellations d’acteurs est bien plus nécessaire. Une deuxième partie esquisse, sous forme de typologie, le champ de possibilité théorique des constellations politiques des groupes éthniques; cette typologie se déploie entre les deux pôles extrèmes du multiculturalisme et du génocide. La troisième partie trace une stratégie d’histoire comparée pour l’explication des processus de nettoyage ethnique sous la forme d’une périodisation de l’histoire mondiale en cinq niveaux. On perçoit ainsi clairement comment, lors de la formation politique de constellations d’acteurs ethniques concrets, les facteurs langue, religion et territorialité (province) se conjuguent de sorte que l’ensemble du champ de possibilité développé antérieurement est historiquement couvert.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Andreopoulos, G. (1994): Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bauman, Z. (1991): Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Brass, P. (1997): Theft Of An Idol. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Broszat, M. (1981): The Hitler State. London: Longman.
Brubaker, R. (1996): Nationalism reframed: Nationhood and the national question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dadrian, V. (1995): The History of the Armenian Genocide. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books.
Des Forges, A. (1999): Leave None to Tell the Story. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Doyle, M. (1983): Kant, liberal legacies and foreign affairs, parts 1 and 2. In: Philosophy and Public Affairs 12.
Esty, D. et al. (1998): The state failure project: Early warning research for US foreign policy planning. In: J. Davis/T. Gurr (eds.), Crisis Early Warning Systems. Boulder, Col.: Rowman & Littlefield.
Evans, P. (1995): Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Fearon, J./D. Laitin (1996): Explaining interethnic co-operation. In: American Political Science Review 90.
Fein, H. (1979): Accounting for Genocide. New York: Free Press.
Fein, H. (1984): Scenarios of genocide: Models of genocide and critical responses. In: I. Charny (ed.), Toward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press.
Freeman, M. (1995): Genocide, civilization and modernity. In: British Journal of Sociology 46.
Gagnon, V. P. (1997): Ethnic nationalism and international conflict: The case of Serbia. In: M. Brown et al. (eds.), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Gellner, E. (1983): Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Glenny, M. (1993): The Fall of Yugoslavia. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.
Gurr, T. (1993): Minorities At Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict. Washington: United States Institute of Peace.
Hagtvet, B. (1980): The theory of mass society and Weimar. In: S. Larsen et al, Who Were the Fascists? Social Roots of European Fascism. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Harff, B./T.Gurr (1988): Toward an empirical theory of genocides and politicides: Identification and measurement of cases since 1945. In: International Studies Quarterly 32.
Hilberg, R. (1978): The Destruction of the European Jews. New York: Octagon Books.
Horowitz, D. (1985): Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Horowitz, I. (1982): Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction.
Human, Rights Watch (1995): Slaughter Among Neighbors. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Huntington, S. (1996): The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Jonassohn, K. (1998): Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations in Comparative Perspective. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Koshar, R. (1986): Social Life, Local Politics, and Nazism. Marburg, 1880–1935. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Krain, M. (1997): State-sponsored mass murder: The onset and severity of genocides and politicides. In: Journal of Conflict Resolution 41.
Kuper, L. (1981): Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Laitin, D. (1999): Language conflict and violence: or the straw that strengthened the camel’s back. In: Estudio, Working Paper 1999/137. Madrid: Instituto Juan March.
Lake, D./D. Rothschild (1997): Containing fear: the origins and management of ethnic conflict. In: M. Brown et al. (eds.), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, op. cit..
Lemarchand, R. (1995): Burundi. Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mann, M. (1986): The Sources of Social Power. Vol I: From the Beginning to 1760 AD. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mann, M. (1988): The autonomous power of the state. In: M. Mann, States, War and Capitalism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mann, M. (1999): The dark side of democracy: The modern tradition of ethnic and political cleansing. In: New Left Review, No. 235, May–June.
Mann, M.: Fascists (i.E.).
Mann, M.: Ethnic and Political Cleansing (i.E.).
Marrus, M. (1985): The Unwanted. European Refugees in the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
McCarthy, J. (1995): Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press.
Melson, R. (1992): Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Moore, B.: Moral Purity and Persecution in History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (i.E.).
Naimark, N. (1998): Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe. Seattle, Wash.: Henry.
M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington.
Neier, A. (1998): War Crimes. New York: Random House.
Pearson, R. (1983): National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848–1945. London: Macmillan.
Perez-Diaz, V. (1993): The Return of Civil Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Rabushka, A./K. Shepsle (1972 Politics in Plural Societies. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill.
Rummel, R. (1994): Death by Government. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Smedley, A. (1993): Race in North America. Boulder: Westview Press.
Smith, R. (1987): Human destructiveness and politics: the twentieth century as an age of genocide. In: I. Walliman/M. Dobkowski (eds), Genocide in the Modern Age. New York.
Stannard, D. (1992): American Holocaust. The Conquest of the New World. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tambiah, S. (1996): Leveling Crowds, Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence In South Asia. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Uvin, P. (1998): Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. W. Hartford, Ct.: Kumarian Press.
Viola, L. (1993): The second coming: Class enemies in the Soviet countryside, 1927–1935. In: J. A. Getty/R. Manning (eds.), Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wimmer, A. (1997): Who owns the state? Understanding ethnic conflict in post-colonial societies. In: Nations and Nationalism 3.
Woodward, S. (1997): Balkan Tragedy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mann, M. Eliminatorische ethnische Säuberungen: Eine makrosoziologische Erklärung. Berl.J.Soziol. 10, 241–277 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03204353
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03204353