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How can historical understanding best be assessed? Use of prediction tasks to assess how students understand the role of causal factors that produce historical events

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Abstract

The main objective of this research is to study the viability of using hypothetical problems that need the application of causal models for their solution, as a method for assessing understanding in Social Sciences. So, this method was used to describe how seventh grade students understand causal factors affecting the “discovery and colonization of America”. First, the causal model expected to have been understood was made explicit. Then, eight problems were designed to assess whether students were able to deduce the implications of past conditions and to use these implications to anticipate what consequences would most likely follow in each of the hypothetical problems. 51 seventh graders were interviewed with this purpose, and their answers were coded and analysed. The results have shown that 60 to 100% of seventh graders understand correctly the role of most factors that eased the discovery and the colonization. However, students often had previous ideas that caused them to make erroneous predictions The same results were found when examining whether students had a mental model integrating the different causal factors studied. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Résumé

Le principal objectif de cette recherche était d’étudier dans quelle mesure l’utilisation de problèmes nécessitant l’application de modèles causaux préalablement étudiés constitue une méthode profitable pour l’évaluation de la compréhension dans le domaine des sciences sociales. C’est avec cet objectif que l’on a utilisé cette méthode pour décrire et évaluer, chez des élèves de 7ème grade, la compréhension des facteurs causaux responsables de la découverte et de la colonisation de l’Amérique. Dans un premier temps le modèle causal supposé compris fut explicité. Puis 8 problèmes furent concus pour évaluer si les étudiants étaient capables de déduire les implications d’événements passés et d’utiliser cette connaissance pour anticiper, dans les problèmes qui leur étaient proposés, les conséquences probables de tels événements. 51 sujets furent interviewés, et leurs réponses codées et analysées. Les résultats montrent que 60 à 100% des élèves de 7ème grade comprennent correctement le rôle de la plupart des facteurs à l’origine des grandes découvertes et de la colonisation. Cependant, assez fréquemment, les idées préalables des étudiants conduisent à des prédiction erronées. Les mêmes résultats apparaissent quand on cherche si les étudiants disposent d’un modèle mental intégrant les différents facteurs de causalité étudiés. Les implications théoriques et pratiques sont examinées.

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This research was supported by the Ministery of Education and Science of the Spanish State.

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Alonso-Tapia, J., Villa, J.L. How can historical understanding best be assessed? Use of prediction tasks to assess how students understand the role of causal factors that produce historical events. Eur J Psychol Educ 14, 339–358 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173119

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173119

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