Abstract
Although nearly 100 paramagnetic defects have been catalogued in diamond by spin Hamiltonian parameters measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), very few of these have been unambiguously associated with an atomic model. It has been necessary to use electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) to obtain enough information to make proper assignment of such models. The reason for the limitation of EPR, and the way in which ENDOR overcomes these limitations are discussed. The interpretation of hyperfine structure in terms of unpaired electrons in molecular orbitals, and of quadrupole interactions in terms of all electrons, paired and unpaired, as a source of information about molecular structure in diamond, is evaluated by reference to some well documented examples. The measurements so far made by ENDOR on defects in diamond are reviewed, and the salient contribution for the assignment of a model for each defect is explained. The details revealed by ENDOR considerably increase knowledge about defects, particularly those involving substitutional nitrogen atoms. This in turn helps in understanding the complex electron and atom, migration processes which go on under appropriate conditions of temperature and pressure, or optical excitation. The possibilities are discussed for using ENDOR to increase the number of well characterized centres.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bridges F., Davies G., Robertson J., Stoneham A.M.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter2, 2875–2928 (1990); Ammerlaan C.A.J.: Landolt-Bornstein numerical Data and Functional Relationship in Science and Technology, New Series 111 (Madelung O., Schulz M., eds.),22b, pp.365–381. Berlin: Springer 1990.
Weil J.A.: Phys. Chem. Minerals10, 149–177 (1984); Weil J.A.: Phys. and Chem. of SiO2 and the Si−SiO2 Interface (Helms C.R., Deal B.E., eds.),2, pp.131–144. New York: Plenum 1993.
Ammerlaan C.I.J.: Landolt-Bornstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series 111 (Madelung O., Schulz M., eds.),22b, pp.117–206. Berlin: Springer 1990.
Spaeth J.-M., Niklas J.R., Bartram R.H.: Structural Analysis of Point Defects in Solids — An Introduction to Multiple Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Berlin: Springer 1982.
Hayes W.: Crystals with the Fluorite Structure, chapters 4–6. OUP: Oxford 1974.
Nadolinny V.A., Yeliseyev A.P.: Diamond and Related Materials3, 17–21 (1993)
Mainwood A., Larkins F.P., Stoneham A.M.: Solid State Electron.21, 1431–1433 (1979)
Isoya J., Kanda H., Uchida Y., Lawson S.C., Yamasaki S., Itoh H., Morita Y.: Phys. Rev. B45, 1436–1439 (1992)
Smith W.V., Sorokin P.P., Gelles I.L., Lasher G.J.: Phys. Rev.115, 1546–1552 (1959)
Smith V.W., Gelles I.L., Sorokin P.P.: Phys. Rev. Lett.2, 39–40 (1959); Shcherbakova M.Ya., Soboleva E.E., Samsonenko N.D., Nadolinny V.A., Schastnev P.V., Semenov A.G.: Sov. Phys. Solid State13, 281–285 (1971)
Feher G.: Phys. Rev.114, 1219–1244 (1959)
Morton J.R., Preston K.F.: J. Magn. Reson.30, 577–582 (1978)
Edwards A.H., Fowler W.B.: Phys. Rev. B41, 10816–10823 (1990)
Harvey J.S.M.: Proc. Roy. Soc. A285, 581–596 (1965)
van Wyk J.A., Loubser J.H.N.: J. Phys. C16 1501–1506 (1983)
Cook R.J., Whiffen G.H.: Proc. Roy. Soc. A295, 99–106 (1966)
Cox A., Newton M.E., Baker J.M.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter6, 551–563 (1994)
Tucker O.D., Newton M.E., Baker J.M.: private communication.
O’Konshi C.T., Flautt T.J.: J. Chem. Phys.27, 815–816 (1957)
Watkins G.D., Pound R.V.: Phys. Rev.85, 1062 (1952)
Cox A., Newton M.E., Baker J.M.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter4, 8119–8130 (1992)
Edmonds D.T., Hunt M.J., Mackay A.L.: J. Magn. Reson.9, 66–74 (1972)
Loubser J.H.N., van Ryneveld W.P.: Nature211, 517 (1966)
Samoilovich M.I., Bezrukov G.N., Butuzov V.P.: JETP Lett.14, 379–380 (1971)
Isoya J., Kanda H., Norris J.R., Tang J., Bowman M.K.: Phys. Rev. B41, 3905–3913 (1990)
Walker J.: Rep. Prog. Phys.42, 1605–1659 (1978) and references therein.
Davies G.: Nature269, 498–500 (1997)
Baldwin jr. J.A.: Phys. Rev. Lett.10, 220–222 (1963); Loubser J.H.N., van Wyk J.A.: Rep. Prog. Phys.41, 1202–1248 (1978)
Barclie R.C., Guven J.: J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys.14, 3621–3631 (1981)
Newton M.E., Baker J.M.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter1, 9801–9803 (1989)
Shcherbakova M.Ya., Sobolev E.V., Nadolinny V.A.: Sov. Phys. Dokl.17, 513–516 (1972)
He X.-F., Manson N.B., Fisk P.T.H.: Phys. Rev. B47, 8816–8822 (1993)
van Wyk J.A., Loubser J.H.N.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter5, 3019–3026 (1993)
Loubser J.H.N., Wright A.C.J.: Diamond Research, Suppl. to Ind. Diamond Rev. p 16 (1973); Manson N.B., He X.-F., Fisk P.T.H.: J. Lumin.53, 49–55 (1992)
Holliday K., He X.-F., Fisk P.T.H., Manson N.B.: Optics Letters15, 983 985 (1990)
Loubser J. H. N., van Wyk J.A.: Diamond Research, Suppl. to Ind. Diamond Rev., pp. 11–14 (1977)
Reddy N.R.S., Manson N.B., Krausz E.R.: J. Lumin.38, 46–47 (1987); Bloch P.D., Brocklesby W.S., Harley R.T., Henderson M.J.: J. de Phys.C7, 527–530 (1985)
Newton M.E., Baker J.M.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter1, 10549–10561 (1989)
van Wyk J.A., Loubser J.H.N., Newton M.E., Baker J.M.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter4, 2651–2662 (1992)
Shcherbakova M.Ya., Sobolev E.V., Samsonenko V.K., Aksenov V.K.: Sov. Phys. Solid. State11, 1104–1106 (1969); Loubser J.H.N., van Wyk J.A.: Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.46, 587–591 (1985)
Madiba C.P.P., Sellschop J.P.F., van Wyk J.A., Annegarn H.J.: private communication (1988)
Newton M.E., Baker J.M.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter3, 3591–3603 (1991)
Newton M.E., Baker J.A.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter3, 3605–3616 (1991)
Shcherbakova M.Ya., Sobolev E.V., Samsonenko V.K., Aksenov V.K.: Sov. Phys. Dokl.20, 795–798 (1975); Welbourn C.M., Woods G.S.: private communication (1977)
Loubser J.H.N., Wright A.C.J.: J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.6, 1129–1141 (1973)
Loubser J.H.N., van Wyk J.A., Welbourn C.M.: J. Phys. C15, 6031–6036 (1983)
van Wyk J.A.: private communication (1980); Loubser J.H.N.: private communication (1981)
Loubser J.H.N.: private communication (1988)
Nisida Y., Yamada Y., Uchiyama S., Mita Y., Nakashima T., Sato S.: private communication (1992)
van Wyk J.A.: J. Phys.: Condens. Matter6, 801–810 (1994)
Loubser J.H.N., van Wyk J.A.: S. Afr. J. Phys.10, 165–168 (1987)
Bagdasarayan V.S., Markosayan E.A., Matosyan M.A., Torosayan O.S., Sharosyan E.G.: Sov. Phys. Solid State17, 991 (1975)
McNeil D.A.C., Symons M.C.R.: J. Phys. Chem. Solids38, 397–400 (1977)
van Wyk J.A., Loubser J.H.N.: Mater. Sci. Forum10–12, 923–925 (1986)
Cook R.J.: J. Sci. Instrum.43, 548–553 (1966)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baker, J.M., Newton, M.E. The use of ENDOR to identify the atomic structure of defects in diamond. Appl. Magn. Reson. 7, 209–235 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03162613
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03162613