Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A review of electron spin spectroscopy and its application to the study of paramagnetic defects in crystalline quartz

  • Published:
Physics and Chemistry of Minerals Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A comprehensive review (ca. 230 references) is presented of the present (1983) state of knowledge of paramagnetic defects in crystalline quartz, as derived from electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and related techniques. An auxiliary description of relevant concepts in solid state electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), suitable for the non-specialist, is included. The centres described include those arising from impurity ions (Al, H, Cu, Ag, Ge, P, Ti, Fe) as well as those (E′) associated with oxygen ions missing in the quartz structure. Emphasis is placed on the structural information derivable from EPR. A brief survey of the present state of understanding of the optical bands caused by the defects is also given.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abragam A, Bleaney B (1970) Electron paramagnetic resonance of transition ions. Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Alonso PJ, Halliburton LE, Kohnke EE, Bossoli RB (1983) X-ray-induced luminescence in crystalline SiO2. J Appl Phys 54:5369–5375

    Google Scholar 

  • Amanis IK, Kliava JG (1977a) Modeles des centres paramagnetiques formes par les atomes de cuivre et d'argent dans le quartz. Phys Status Solidi A 41:385–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Amanis IK, Kliava JG (1977b) Super ultrafine structure of epr spectra of copper (Cu0) and silver (Ag0) centers in alpha-quartz. Fiz Khim Stekloobrazuyushchikh Sist 5:122–133 (Russ)

    Google Scholar 

  • Amanis IK, Kliava JG, Purans JJ, Truhin AN (1975) EPR of copper atoms in alpha-quartz. Phys Status Solidi B 31:K165-K167

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JH, Koth W (1959) Short-lived centers in irradiated germanium-doped quartz. Bull Am Phys Soc 4:285

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JH, Weil JA (1959) Paramagnetic resonance absorption of color centers in germanium-doped quartz. J Chem Phys 31:427–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JH, Feigl FJ, Schlesinger M (1974) The effects of heating on color centers in germanium-doped quartz. J Phys Chem Solids 35:1425–1428

    Google Scholar 

  • Arends J, Dekker AJ, Perdok WG (1963) Color centers in quartz produced by crushing. Phys Status Solidi 3:2275–2279

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold GW (1965) Defect structure of crystalline quartz. Phys Rev A 139:1234–1239

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkins PW, Symons MCR (1967) The Structure of Inorganic Radicals. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Augustine F, Hale DR (1958) Effect of aluminum and germanium on the spectral absorption of certain types of quartz growth. J Chem Phys 29:685–686

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker JM, Robinson PT (1983) EPR of a new defect in natural quartz: possibly O −2 . Solid State Commun 48:551–554

    Google Scholar 

  • Balitskii VS, Samoilovich MI (1975) EPR of gallium(4+) ions in irradiated synthetic quartz. Fiz Issled Kvartsa 27–31, 62–5 (Russ)

  • Balitskii VS, Samoilovich MI, Tsinober LI, Zubkova EI (1969) Some characteristics of the occurrence of germanium in quartz crystals. Geochem Int 6:322–328 (Engl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker PR (1975) Hyperfine parameters of the Al centre in smoky quartz. J Phys C: Solid State Phys 8:L412-L414

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry TI, McNamara P, Moore WJ (1965) Paramagnetic resonance and optical properties of amethyst. J Chem Phys 42:2599–2606

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry TI, Moore WJ (1964) Amethyst: optical properties and paramagnetic resonance. Science 144:289–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Batrak EN (1958) A model for the color and luminescence centers in quartz. Sov Phys Crystallogr 3:633–634 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker W, Lehmann G (1980) Anomalous hyperfine splitting of 57Fe in alpha-quartz. Solid State Commun 35:367–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett AJ, Roth LM (1971) Electronic structure of defect centers in SiO2. J Phys Chem Solids 32:1251–1261

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieri A, Kneubühl FK (1965) Group theory of paramagnetic resonance: a comparison. Phys Condens Matter 4:230–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Bossoli RB, Halliburton LE (1983) 27Al hyperfine and quadrupole interactions for the [AlO4]0 center in quartz. To be published

  • Bossoli RB, Jani MG, Halliburton LE (1982) Radiation-induced E″ centers in crystalline SiO2. Solid State Commun 44:213–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozanic DA, Mergerian D, Minarik RW (1968) Electron spin-echo measurements of E′1 centers in crystalline quartz. Phys Rev Lett 21:541–542

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer JH (1981a) Muonium in quartz. Hyperfine Interact 8:375–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer JH (1981b) Muonium hyperfine matrix in quartz. Hyperfine Interact 8:405–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Brice JC (1980) The lattice constants of alpha-quartz. J Mater Sci 15:161–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Brik AB, Matyash IV (1983) Spin-lattice relaxation of oxygen(1-) (aluminum) centers in quartz. Ukr Fiz Zh (Russ Ed) 28:141–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Brik AB, Matyash IV, Fedotov YuV (1977) ENDOR on “forbidden” transitions. Ti3+(Li) centers in quartz. Sov Phys Solid State 19:40–43 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brik AB, Matyash IV, Litovchenko AS, Samoilovich MI (1980) Electric field effect on paramagnetic aluminum-oxygen(-1) centres in quartz. Sov Phys Solid State 22:3161–3163 (Russ)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower KL (1979) Electron paramagnetic resonance of aluminum E′1 centres in vitreous silica. Phys Rev B 20:1799–1811

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown CS, Thomas LA (1960) The effect of impurities on the growth of synthetic quartz. J Phys Chem Solids 13:337–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Car R, Pantelides ST (1983) Deep centers with large lattice distortions in semiconductors and SiO2. Bull Am Phys Soc 28:288–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Castle JG Jr, Feldman DW (1965) Resonance modes at defects in crystalline quartz. Phys Rev 137:A671-A673

    Google Scholar 

  • Castle JG Jr, Feldman DW, Klemens PG, Weeks RA (1963) Electron spin-lattice relaxation at defect sites; E′ centers in synthetic quartz at 3 kilo-oersteds. Phys Rev 130:577–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty D, Lehmann G (1976) Distribution of OH in synthetic and natural quartz crystals. J Solid State Chem 17:305–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Chentsova LG, Tsinober LI, Samoilovich MI (1966) Quartz of amethyst color. Kristallografiya 11:236–244 (Russ)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chentsova LG, Tsinober LI, Samoilovich MI, Kolodieva SV (1972) Some features of the electrolysis of quartz crystals in air and in vacuum. Sov Phys Crystallogr 17:317–321 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AJ (1956a) Anisotropic color centers in alpha-quartz. Part I. Smoky quartz. J Chem Phys 25:908–914

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AJ (1956b) Color centers in the alpha-quartz called amethyst. Am Mineral 41:874–891

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AJ (1960) Substitutional and interstitial aluminum impurity in quartz, structure and color center interrelationships. J Phys Chem Solids 13:321–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AJ (1975) On the color centers of iron in amethyst and synthetic quartz: a reply. Am Mineral 60:338–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AJ, Hassan F (1970) Iron in synthetic quartz: heat and radiation induced changes. Science 167:176–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AJ, Hassan F (1974) Ferrous and ferric ions in synthetic alpha-quartz and natural amethyst. Am Mineral 59:719–728

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AJ, Makar LN (1982) Models for color centers in smoky quartz. Phys Status Solidi A 73:593–596

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AJ, Smith HL (1958) Anisotropic color centers in alpha-quartz. II. Germanium-doped synthetic quartz. J Chem Phys 24:401–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook AR, Matarrese LM (1969) Zero-field epr of Fe3+ in quartz. J Chem Phys 50:2361–2364

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox RT (1976) ESR of an S=2 centre in amethyst quartz and its possible identification as the d 4 ion Fe4+. J Phys C: Solid State Phys 9:3355–3361

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox RT (1977) Optical absorption of the d 4 ion iron (4+) in pleochroic amethyst quartz. J Phys C: Solid State Phys 10:4631–4643

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels ME, Morton IP (1981) The thermal conductivity and magnetization of iron-doped quartz crystals. Physica 108B:867–868

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies JJ (1976) Optically-detected magnetic resonance and its applications. Contemp Phys 17:275–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis PH, Weil JA (1978) Silver atom center in alpha-quartz. J Phys Chem Solids 39:775–780

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis PH, Huang CY, Weil JA (1978) Paramagnetic aluminum-silver centers in alpha-quartz. J Phys Chem Solids 39:897–899

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennen WH, Puckett AM (1971) On the chemistry and color of rose quartz. Mineral Rec 3:226–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennen WH, Puckett AM (1972) On the chemistry and color of amethyst. Can Mineral 11:448–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Devine RAB, Golanski A (1983) Creation and annealing kinetics of magnetic oxygen vacancy centers in SiO2. J Appl Phys 54:3833–3838

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vos WJ, Volger J (1970) Dielectric relaxation phenomena in smoky quartz. Physica 47:13–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebert I, Hennig HP (1974) Elektronenspinresonanz von mechanisch aktiviertem Quarz. Z Phys Chemie (Leipzig) 255:812–814

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedoruk GG, Rutkovskii IZ (1982) Free induction of E′1-centres in crystalline quartz. Phys Status Solidi B 112:453–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Feigl FJ, Anderson JH (1970) Defects in crystalline quartz: Electron paramagnetic resonance of E′ vacancy centers associated with germanium impurities. J Phys Chem Solids 31:575–596

    Google Scholar 

  • Feigl FJ, Fowler WB, Yip KL (1974) Oxygen vacancy model for the E′1 center in SiO2. Solid State Commun 14:225–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsche J, Lietz J (1968a) Defects in quartz. I. Electrical conductivity and discoloration of smoky quartz. Neues Jahrb Mineral Abh 109:238–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsche J, Lietz J (1968b) Defects in quartz. II. Field distribution in electrolytic discoloration of smoky quartz. Neues Jahrb Mineral Abh 109:250–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler WB (1983) Theory of strongly relaxed defects in crystalline and amorphous oxides. Radiat Eff 72:27–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Friebele EJ, Ginther RJ, Sigel GH Jr (1974a) Radiation protection of fiber optic materials: effects of oxidation and reduction. Appl Phys Lett 24:412–414

    Google Scholar 

  • Friebele EJ, Griscom DL, Sigel GH Jr (1974b) Defect centers in a germanium-doped silica-core optical fiber. J Appl Phys 45:3424–3428

    Google Scholar 

  • Friebele EJ, Griscom DL, Stapelbroek M, Weeks RA (1979) Fundamental defect centers in glass: the peroxy radical in irradiated, high-purity, fused silica. Phys Rev Lett 42:1346–1349

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobsch G, Haberlandt H, Weckner HJ, Reinhold J (1978) Calculation of the g-tensor and 29Si hyperfine tensors of the E′1 centre in silicon dioxide. Phys Status Solidi B 90:309–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Goshen S, Friedman M, Thieberger R, Weil JA (1983) Models for the hydrogen atom confined within crystalline quartz. J Chem Phys 79:4363–4366

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberger A, Mills AP, Thompson A, Berko S (1970) Evidence for positronium-like Bloch states in quartz single crystals. Phys Lett 32A:72–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths JHE, Owen J, Ward IM (1954) Paramagnetic resonance in neutron-irradiated diamond and smoky quartz. Nature 173:439–442

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths JHE, Owen J, Ward IM (1955) Magnetic resonance in irradiated diamond and quartz. Report of the Bristol Conference — Defects in Crystalline Solids. Phys Soc London 81–87

  • Griscom DL (1979) E′ center in glassy silicon dioxide: microwave saturation properties and confirmation of the primary silicon-29 hyperfine structure. Phys Rev B 20:1823–1834

    Google Scholar 

  • Griscom DL (1980) E′ center in glassy SiO2: 17O, 1H, and “very weak” 29Si superhyperfine structure. Phys Rev B 22:4192–4202

    Google Scholar 

  • Griscom DL, Fowler WB (1980) Electron transfer model for E′-center optical absorption in silicon dioxide. The Physics of MOS insulators, Proc Int Topical Conf at Raleigh NC (USA) 97–101

  • Griscom DL, Friebele EJ (1981) Fundamental defect centers in glass: 29Si hyperfine structure of the nonbridging oxygen hole center and the peroxy radical in a-SiO2. Phys Rev B 24:4896–4898

    Google Scholar 

  • Griscom DL, Friebele EJ, Long KJ, Fleming JW (1983) Fundamental defect centers in glass: esr and optical spectroscopic studies of irradiated phosphorus-doped silica glass and optical fibers. J Appl Phys 54:3743–3762

    Google Scholar 

  • Haberlandt H, Ritschl F (1980) CNDO/2 calculations of alpha-quartz. Phys Stat Solidi B 100:503–508

    Google Scholar 

  • Haberlandt H, Weckner HJ, Gobsch G, Reinhold J (1979) The g-tensor of the interstitial oxygen and the broken Si-O bond in silicon dioxide — a MO model calculation. Phys Stat Solidi B 93:K71-K75

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliburton LE, Koumvakalis N, Markes ME, Martin JJ (1981) Radiation effects in crystalline SiO2: the role of aluminum. J Appl Phys 52:3565–3574

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliburton LE, Perlson BD, Weeks RA, Weil JA, Wintersgill MC (1979) EPR study of the E′4 center in alpha-quartz. Solid State Commun 30:575–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Halperin A, Ralph JE (1963) Optical studies of anisotropic color centers in germanium-doped quartz. J Chem Phys 39:63–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan F, Cohen AJ (1974) Biaxial color centers in amethyst quartz. Am Mineral 35:709–718

    Google Scholar 

  • Haven Y, Kats A, Van Wieringen JS (1966) Optical absorption and paramagnetic resonance of color centers in x-rayed alpha-quartz containing germanium. Philips Res Repts 21:446–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig HP, Boden G, Ebert I, Jedamzik J, Geissler H, Steinike U (1980a) Einfluß einer Röntgenbestrahlung auf die epr-zentren in mechanisch aktiviertem Quarz. Z Chem 20:388–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig HP, Ebert I, Steinike U, Geissler H, Kretzschmar U (1980b) Investigation of the interaction of quartz with H2 under supply of mechanical energy (I). Krist Tech 15:353–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickmott TW (1977) Annealing of surface states in polycrystalline silicon gate capacitors. J Appl Phys 28:723–733

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitt KB, Martin JJ (1983) Radiation-induced mobility of lithium and sodium in alpha-quartz. J Appl Phys 54:5030–5031

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton DR (1964) Paramagnetic resonance of Fe+++ in amethyst and citrine quartz. Phys Lett 12:310–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton DR, Troup GJ (1966) Paramagnetic resonance centres in amethyst and citrine quartz. Nature 211:621

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikari H (1980) Electric field dependence of positronium formation in crystalline quartz. Jpn J Appl Phys 19:L588-L590

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoya J, Weil JA, Claridge RFC (1978) The dynamic interchange and relation between germanium centers in alpha-quartz. J Chem Phys 69:4876–4884

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoya J, Weil JA (1979) Uncompensated titanium (3+) center in alpha-quartz. Phys Status Solidi A 52:K193

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoya J, Weil JA, Halliburton LE (1981) EPR and ab initio SCF-MO studies of the Si.H-Si system in the E′4 center of alpha-quartz. J Chem Phys 74:5436–5448

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoya J, Tennant WC, Uchida Y, Weil JA (1982) Biradical center in alpha-quartz. J Magn Reson 49:489–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoya J, Weil JA, Davis PH (1983a) EPR of atomic hydrogen 1H and 2H in alpha-quartz. J Phys Chem Solids 44:335–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoya J, Bowman MK, Norris JR, Weil JA (1983b) An electron spin echo envelope modulation study of lithium nuclear hyperfine and quadrupole coupling in the A(Ti-Li) center of alpha-quartz. J Chem Phys 78:1735–1746

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoya J, Bowman MK, Norris JR, Weil JA (1984a) An epr and eseem study of the temperature dependence of the lithium hyperfine structure of germanium defect centres in alpha-quartz. To be published

  • Isoya J, Tennant WC, Weil JA (1984b) The 47,49Ti spin-Hamiltonian of center A(Ti-Li) in alpha-quartz. To be published

  • Izumi T, Matsumori T (1975) Paramagnetic centers created in Si-SiO2 structure by ion implantation. Jpn J Appl Phys 14:1067–1068

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen EH, Shiren NS, Tucker EB (1959) Effects of 9.2-kMc/sec ultrasonics on electron spin resonances in quartz. Phys Rev Lett 3:81–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain H, Nowick AS (1982a) Electrical conductivity of synthetic and natural quartz crystals. J Appl Phys 53:477–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain H, Nowick AS (1982b) Radiation-induced conductivity in quartz crystals. J Appl Phys 53:485–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakubith M, Lehmann G (1979) An epr study of shock-wave effects on amethyst and iron-doped quartz. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 83:609–614

    Google Scholar 

  • Jani MG, Bossoli RB, Halliburton LE (1983a) Further characterization of the E′1 center in crystalline SiO2. Phys Rev B 27:2285–2293

    Google Scholar 

  • Jani MG, Halliburton LE, Kohnke EE (1983b) Point defects in crystalline SiO2: thermally stimulated luminescence above room temperature. J Appl Phys 54:6321–6328

    Google Scholar 

  • Kats A (1958) Spectres d'absorption du verre de silice et du quartz cristallin contenant des impuretes de Ge. Verres Refract 12:191–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaul IK, Bhattacharya PK, Tolpadi S (1966) Age determination by study of the thermoluminescence of smoky quartz. J Geophys Res 71:1275–1282

    Google Scholar 

  • Kneubühl FK (1963) Symmetry and microwave spectra of polyatomic paramagnetic centers. Phys Condens Matter 1:410–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Kneubühl FK (1965) Paramagnetic resonance of centers with symmetries N, Ñ and N/M. Phys Condens Matter 4:50–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Koumvakalis N (1980) Defects in crystalline SiO2: optical absorption of the aluminum-associated hole center. J Appl Phys 51:5528–5532

    Google Scholar 

  • Koumvakalis N, Markes M (1980) Deuterization of synthetic quartz. J Appl Phys 51:3431–3432

    Google Scholar 

  • Krefft GB (1975) Effects of high-temperature electrolysis on the coloration characteristics and OH-absorption bands in alpha-quartz. Radiat Eff 26:249–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Laman FC, Weil JA (1977) Silver-compensated germanium center in alpha-quartz. J Phys Chem Solids 38:949–956

    Google Scholar 

  • Laman FC, Weil JA (1978) A germanium tri-hydrogen center in alpha-quartz. In The Physics of SiO2 and its Interfaces. Pantelides ST (ed). Pergamon, New York, pp 253–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang R, Calvo C, Datars WR (1977) Phase transformation in AlPO4 and quartz studied by electron paramagnetic resonance of Fe3+. Can J Phys 55:1613–1620

    Google Scholar 

  • Laves F, Schindler P, Weaver HE (1961) Eigenschaften von Elektrolyse-Farbzentren in Quarzkristallen. Naturwissenschaften 23:714

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann G (1967) Farbzentren des Eisens als Ursache der Farbe von Amethyst. Z Naturforsch A 22:2080–2085

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann G (1969a) Interstitial incorporation of di- and trivalent cobalt in quartz. J Phys Chem Solids 30:395–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann G (1969b) Zur Farbe von Rosenquarz. Neues Jahrb Mineral Monatsh 5:222–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann G (1971a) The structure of yellow iron centres in quartz. Phys Status Solidi B 48:K65-K67

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann G (1971b) Yellow color centers in natural and synthetic quartz. Phys Condens Matter 13:297–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann G (1975) On the color centers of iron in amethyst and synthetic quartz: a discussion. Am Mineral 60:335–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann G, Moore WJ (1966) Color center in amethyst quartz. Science 152:1061–1062

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Page Y, Calvert LD, Gabe EJ (1980) Parameter variation in low-quartz between 94 and 298 K. J Phys Chem Solids 41:721–725

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenze RV, Feigl FJ (1973) Defects in crystalline quartz: electron paramagnetic resonance of multiple-alkali-compensated centers associated with germanium impurities. Phys Rev B 8:4833–4841

    Google Scholar 

  • Lysakov VS (1978) Study of the luminescence of quartz activated by manganese ions. Izv Vyssh Uchebn Zaved Fiz 21:128–129 (Russ)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey JH Jr (1963) EPR study of impurity-related color centers in germanium-doped quartz. J Chem Phys 39:74–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey JH Jr, Boss JW, Wood DE (1970) EPR study of substitutional-aluminum-related hole centers in synthetic alpha-quartz. J Magn Reson 3:44–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Markes ME, Halliburton LE (1979) Defects in synthetic quartz: Radiation-induced mobility of interstitial ions. J Appl Phys 50:8172–8180

    Google Scholar 

  • Maschmeyer D, Lehmann G (1982) An Al..O−-P radiation defect in rose-colored quartz. Solid State Chem. Proc Second European Conf, Veldhoven, Holland. In Studies in Inorganic Chemistry, Metselaar R, Heijligers HJM, Schoonman J (eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 315–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Maschmeyer D, Lehmann G (1983a) New hole centers in natural quartz. Submitted to Phys Chem Minerals

  • Maschmeyer D, Lehmann G (1983b) A trapped hole center causing rose coloration of natural quartz. Z Kristallogr 163:181–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Maschmeyer D, Lehmann G (1983c) New electron centers in neutron-irradiated natural quartz. Submitted to Solid State Commun

  • Maschmeyer D, Niemann K, Hake H, Lehmann G, Räuber A (1980) Two modified smoky quartz centers in natural citrine. Phys Chem Minerals 6:145–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Mashkovtsev RI, Solntsev VP, Shcherbakova MYa (1978) Paramagnetic centers with S=1 in alpha-quartz. Tr Inst Geol Geofiz, Akad Nauk SSSR, Sib Otd 385:86–91 (Russ)

    Google Scholar 

  • Matarrese LM, Wells JS, Peterson RL (1969) EPR spectrum of Fe3+ in synthetic brown quartz. J Chem Phys 50:2350–2360

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaren AC, Cook RF, Hyde ST, Tobin RC (1983) The mechanisms of the formation and growth of water bubbles and associated dislocation loops in synthetic quartz. Phys Chem Minerals 9:79–94

    Google Scholar 

  • McMorris DW (1971) Impurity color centers in quartz and trapped electron dating: electron spin resonance, thermoluminescence studies. J Geophys Res 76:7875–7887

    Google Scholar 

  • Medvedev EM (1976) Mechanism of the formation of E' centers in natural quartzes. Geokhimiya 457–459 (Russ)

  • Meyer BK, Lohse F, Spaeth JM, Weil JA (1984) Optically detected magnetic resonance of the [AlO4]0 centre in crystalline quartz. Submitted to J Phys C: Solid State Phys

  • Mitchell EWJ, Paige EGS (1955) The anisotropic absorption of the visible bands in irradiated alpha-quartz. Philos Mag 46:1353–1361

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell EWJ, Paige EGS (1956) The optical effects of radiation induced atomic damage in quartz. Philos Mag 1:1085–1115

    Google Scholar 

  • Moiseev BM, Rakov LT (1979) Kinetics of the breakdown of E pre-centres in quartz. Russ J Phys Chem 53:1482–1484 (Engl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mombourquette MJ, Weil JA, Mezey PG (1984a) Ab initio SCF-MO calculations on AlO4 centres in alpha-quartz. I. Can J Phys 62:21–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Mombourquette MJ, Weil JA (1984b) Ab initio SCF-MO calculations on AlO4 centres in alpha-quartz. II. Can J Phys. To be published

  • Mombourquette MJ, Tennant WC, Weil JA (1984c) EPR study of Fe3+ in alpha-quartz: a re-examination of the so-called I-centre. To be published

  • Nassau K, Prescott BE (1975) A reinterpretation of smoky quartz. Phys Status Solidi A 20:659–663

    Google Scholar 

  • Nassau K, Prescott BE (1977) Smoky, blue, greenish-yellow, and other irradiation related colors in quartz. Mineral Mag 41:301–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Nassau K, Prescott BE (1978) Growth-induced radiation-developed pleochroic anisotropy in smoky quartz. Am Mineral 63:230–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CM, Weeks RA (1960) Trapped electrons in irradiated quartz and silica: I. Optical absorption. J Am Ceram Soc 43:396–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishi Y (1966) Electron spin resonance in SiO2 grown on silicon Jpn J Appl Phys 5:333

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishi Y (1971) Study of silicon-silicon dioxide structure by electron spin resonance I. Jpn J Appl Phys 10:52–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishi Y, Tanaka K, Ohwada A (1972) Study of silicon-silicon dioxide structure by electron spin resonance II. Jpn J Appl Phys 11:85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Novozhilov AI, Samoilovich MI, Tsinober LI (1964) Short-lived paramagnetic centers in quartz containing germanium impurities. J Struct Chem 5:580–581 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall RHD, Weil JA (1980a) Oxygen-17 hyperfine structure of trapped-hole center [AlO4]0 in alpha-quartz. Solid State Commun 35:789–791

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall RHD, Weil JA (1980b) Two hydrogenic trapped-hole species in alpha-quartz. Solid State Commun 33:99–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall RHD, Weil JA (1981a) The magnetic properties of the oxygen-hole aluminum centers in crystalline SiO2·I·[AlO4]0. Can J Phys 59:1696–1708

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall RHD, Weil JA (1981b) The magnetic properties of the oxygen-hole aluminum centers in crystalline SiO2·II·[AlO4/H+]+ and [AlO4/Li+]+. Can J Phys 59:1709–1718

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall RHD, Weil JA (1981c) The magnetic properties of the oxygen-hole aluminum centers in crystalline SiO2·III·[AlO4]+. Can J Phys 59:1886–1892

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall RHD, Weil JA, Claridge RFC (1976) Double-hole aluminum center in alpha-quartz. Solid State Commun 19:141–142

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien MCM (1955) The structure of the colour centres in smoky quartz. Proc Roy Soc A 231:404–414

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien MCM, Pryce MHL (1955) Paramagnetic resonance in irradiated diamond and quartz: interpretation. Report of the Bristol Conference — Defects in Crystalline Solids. Phys Soc London 88–91

  • Okada M, Rinneberg H, Weil JA, Wright PM (1971) EPR of Ti3+ centers in alpha-quartz. Chem Phys Lett 11:275–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlson BD, Weil JA (1974) Atomic hydrogen in alpha-quartz. J Magn Res 15:594–595

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilbrow JR, Lowrey MR (1980) Low-symmetry effects in electron paramagnetic resonance. Rep Prog Phys 43:433–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole CP Jr (1983) Electron Spin Resonance: Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole CP Jr, Farach HA (1972) The Theory of Magnetic Resonance. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Radtsig VA (1979) Paramagnetic centers on pristine quartz surfaces. The reaction with H2 and D2 molecules. Kinet Catal 20:373–379 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rae AD (1969) Relationship between the experimental Hamiltonian and the point symmetry of a paramagnetic species in a crystal. J Chem Phys 50:2672–2685

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinneberg H, Weil JA (1972) EPR studies of Ti3+ − H+ centers in x-irradiated alpha-quartz. J Chem Phys 56:2019–2028

    Google Scholar 

  • Roitsin AB (1981) Generalized spin-Hamiltonian and low-symmetry effects in paramagnetic resonance. Phys Status Solidi (B) 104:11–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruffa AR (1970) Model for the E'1 center in SiO2. Phys Rev Lett 25:650–652

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs M (1960) Rotational properties of paramagnetic resonance spectra of noncubic crystals. J Phys Chem Solids 15:291–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Saint-Paul M, Joffrin J (1982) Electric dipole echoes in smoky quartz at very low temperatures. J Low Temp Phys 49:195–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Samoilovich MI, Gordienko LA, Tsinober LI (1970a) Kinetics of the formation of radiation centers of smoky color in synthetic quartz. Sov Radiochem 12:107–109 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Samoilovich MI, Tsinober LI, Kreiskop VN (1970b) Features of the smoky color of natural quartz crystals: morions. Sov Phys Crystallogr 15:438–440 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Samoilovich MI, Tsinober LI, Khadzhi VE, Gordienko LA (1972) Radiation-induced diffusion of alkali ions and protons in quartz. Sov Phys Crystallogr 17:147–150 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Samoilovich MI, Novozhilov AI, Tsinober LI, Malyshev AG (1973) ESR spectrum of the O− hole center in natural quartz. J Struct Chem 14:416–419 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Scala CM, Hutton DR (1976) Site assignment of Fe3+ in alpha-quartz. Phys Status Solidi B 73:K115-K117

    Google Scholar 

  • Schirmer OF (1976) Smoky coloration of quartz caused by bound small hole polaron optical absorption. Solid State Commun 18:1349–1351

    Google Scholar 

  • Schirmer OF (1980a) Small polaron aspects of defects in oxide materials. J Phys Colloque (Orsay Fr) (C6) 41:479–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Schirmer OF (1980b) Assignment of the optical absorption of the E'1 center in SiO2. The Physics of MOS Insulators — Proc Int Topical Conf at Raleigh NC (USA) 102–106

  • Schnadt R, Räuber A (1971) Motional effects in the trapped-hole center in smoky quartz. Solid State Commun 9:159–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnadt R, Schneider J (1970) The electronic structure of the trapped hole center in smoky quartz. Phys Condens Matter 11:19–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Seifarth J, Bartuk U, Karthe W (1981) Zur Kinetik paramagnetischer Eisenzentren in Alpha-Quarz. Silikattechnik 31:276

    Google Scholar 

  • Semenov KP, Fotchenkov AA (1977) Effectiveness of the action of various forms of radiation on quartz. Sov Phys Crystallogr 22:326–330 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamfarov Yal, Smirnova TA (1963) Investigation of spin-lattice relaxation in neutron-irradiated quartz. Sov Phys Solid State 5:761–763 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibley WA, Martin JJ, Wintersgill MC, Brown JD (1979) The effect of radiation on the OH infrared absorption of quartz crystals. J Appl Phys 50:5449–5452

    Google Scholar 

  • Silsbee RH (1961) Electron spin resonance in neutron-irradiated quartz. J Appl Phys 32:1459–1462

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner R, Weil JA (1978) Spin-Hamiltonian energies and state vectors. II. J Magn Reson 29:223–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith G, Vance ER, Hasan Z, Edgar A, Runciman WA (1978) A charge transfer mechanism for the colour of rose quartz. Phys Status Solidi A 46:K135-K140

    Google Scholar 

  • Solntsev VP, Lysakov VS (1975) ESR and luminescence investigation of the electron capture centers in irradiated quartz. J Appl Spectr 22:339–341 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Solntsev VP, Mashkovtsev RI (1978) Stabilization of silver and copper atoms in alpha-quartz. Sov Phys Solid State 20:471–474 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Solntsev VP, Shcherbakova MYa (1972) Electron spin resonances of Ti3+ in alpha-quartz and zircon. J Struct Chem 13:859–861 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Solntsev VP, Mashkovtsev RI, Shcherbakova MYa (1974) Copper and nickel centers in alpha-quartz. Sov Phys Solid State 16:1192–1193 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Solntsev VP, Mashkovtsev RI, Shcherbakova MYa (1977) Electron paramagnetic resonance of the radiation centers in quartz. J Struct Chem 18:578–583 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock HD, Lehmann G (1977) Phenomena associated with diffusion of trivalent iron in amethyst quartz. J Phys Chem Solids 38:243–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Suryanarayana D, Weil JA (1976) On the hyperfine splitting of the hydrogen atom in a spherical box. J Chem Phys 64:510–513

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AL, Farnell GW (1964) Spin-lattice interaction experiments on color centers in quartz. Can J Phys 42:595–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsinober LI, Samoilovich MI, Gordienko LA (1966) Some characteristics of smoky color in quartz crystals doped with aluminum and germanium. Sov Phys Crystallogr 10:732–735 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsinober LI, Samoilovich MI, Gordienko LA, Chentsova LG (1967) Anomalous pleochroism in synthetic smoky quartz crystals. Sov Phys Crystallogr 12:53–56 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida Y (1977) ESR studies of phosphoric ion in alpha-quartz. J Phys Soc Jpn 42:1937–1941

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida Y, Isoya J, Weil JA (1979) Dynamic interchange among three states of phosphorus(4+) in alpha-quartz. I. J Phys Chem 83:3462–3467

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida Y, Isoya J, Weil JA (1984) Dynamic interchange among three states of phosphorus(4+) in alpha-quartz. II. J Phys Chem. To be published

  • Vakhidov ShA, Gasanov EM, Ibragimov ZhD, Yarkulov U (1973) Mechanism of the restoration of the center of the smoky color of thermochemically treated alpha-quartz by radiation. Radiochem 15:469–471 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Brom WE, Volger J (1974) Electromodulated absorption in smoky quartz. Physica 75:245–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wieringen JS, Haven Y, Kats A (1963) Paramagnetic resonance of colour centres in alpha-quartz containing germanium. In Magnetic and Electric Resonance and Relaxation. Proceedings of the XIth Colloque Ampere. 1962. Eindhoven. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 403–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazhenin VA, Sherstkov YuA (1974) Effect of electric field on ESR spectrum of Fe3+ in alpha-quartz. Sov Phys Crystallogr 19:104 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vereshchak MF, Zhetbaev AK, Kaipov DK, Satpaev KK (1973) Mössbauer effect in impurity atoms of Fe57 in quartz single crystals. Sov Phys Solid State 14:2638–2639 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Vultee J, Lietz J (1956) Über die Rolle des Titans als Färbungsursache von Blau- und Rosenquarzen. Neues Jahrb Mineral Monatsh 3:49–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang ST, Farnell GW (1965) Concentration dependence of spinlattice relaxation time of color centers in quartz. Can J Phys 43:1919–1921

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks RA (1956) Paramagnetic resonance of lattice defects in irradiated quartz. J Appl Phys 27:1376–1381

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks RA (1963) Paramagnetic spectra of E'2 centers in crystalline quartz. Phys Rev 130:570–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks RA (1970) Paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption in gamma-ray irradiated alpha-quartz: the “Al” center. J Am Ceram Soc 53:176–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks RA, Abraham M (1965a) Electron spin resonance of irradiated quartz: atomic hydrogen. J Chem Phys 42:68–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks RA, Abraham M (1965b) Spin-one states of defects in quartz. Bull Am Phys Soc 10:374

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks RA, Lell E (1964) Relation between E' centers and hydroxyl bonds in silica. J Appl Phys 35:1932–1938

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks RA, Nelson CM (1960a) Irradiation effects and short-range order in fused silica and quartz. J Appl Phys 31:1555–1558

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks RA, Nelson CM (1960b) Trapped electrons in irradiated quartz and silica: II. Electron spin resonance. J Am Ceram Soc 43:399–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks RA, Sonder E (1962) The relation between the magnetic susceptibility, spin resonance, and optical absorption of the E′1 center in fused silica. Proc First Int Conf on Paramagnetic Resonance, Jerusalem, pp. 869–879

  • Weil JA (1971a) The analysis of large hyperfine splitting in paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Magn Reson 4:394–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil JA (1971b) Germanium-hydrogen-lithium center in alpha-quartz. J Chem Phys 55:4685–4698

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil JA (1975a) Comments on second-order spin-Hamiltonian energies. J Magn Reson 18:113–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil JA (1975b) The aluminum centers in alpha-quartz. Radiat Eff 26:261–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil JA (1979) Hydrogen atom in a spherical box. II. Effect on hyperfine energy of excited state admixture. J Chem Phys 71:2803–2805

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil JA (1981) Electric field effects on the ground state hyperfine structure of hydrogenic atoms. Can J Phys 59:841–851

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil JA, Anderson JH (1961) Direct field effects in electron paramagnetic resonance hyperfine spectra. J Chem Phys 35:1410–1417

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil JA, Buch T, Clapp JE (1973) Crystal point group symmetry and microscopic tensor properties in magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Adv Magn Reson 6:183–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil JA, Huang CY, Davis PH (1978) Paramagnetic Ag2/AlO4 center in alpha-quartz. Solid State Commun 27:1263–1264

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertz JE, Bolton JR (1972) Electron spin resonance. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright PM, Weil JA, Buch T, Anderson JH (1963) Titanium colour centers in rose quartz. Nature 197:246–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Yip KL, Fowler WB (1975) Electronic structure of E'1 centers in SiO2. Phys Rev B 11:2327–2338

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaitov MM, Zaripov MM, Samoilovich MI, Khadzhi VE, Tsinober LI (1975) Fe3+ epr spectrum in irradiated quartz. Sov Phys Crystallogr 19:674–675 (Engl Transl)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, S7N OWO, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

    John A. Weil

Authors
  1. John A. Weil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

This article is dedicated to Professor Clyde A. Hutchison Jr., on the occasion of his 70th birthday

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Weil, J.A. A review of electron spin spectroscopy and its application to the study of paramagnetic defects in crystalline quartz. Phys Chem Minerals 10, 149–165 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00311472

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00311472

Keywords

Search

Navigation