Abstract
With the introduction of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), patients can be protected against sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to ventricular arrhythmia (VA). Guidelines have been drawn up for selecting patients for primary and secondary prophylaxis. However, most ICD recipients today who receive an ICD for primary prevention will not experience a life-threatening VA requiring antitachypacing or shock therapy. Better risk stratification is desirable with efficacy, costs and complication rate in mind. An overview is presented of widely accepted and potentially valuable risk markers and the role they may play in better identifying candidates for ICD therapy. (Neth Heart J 2009;17:101–6.)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Josephson M, Wellens HJ. Implantable defibrillators and sudden cardiac death. Circulation 2004;109:2685–91.
Bayes de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 1989;117:151–9.
Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multi-center Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933–40.
A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1576–83.
Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:225–37.
Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Mulricenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1882–90.
Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, Dorian P, Roy D, Sheldon RS, et al. Canadian implantable defibrillator study (CIDS): a randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation 2000;101:1297–302.
Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:877–83.
Shiga T, Hagiwara N, Ogawa H, Takagi A, Nagashima M, Yamauchi T, et al. Sudden Cardiac Death and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction During Long-Term Follow-up After Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Era. Results from the HIJAMI-II Registry. Heart 2008; [epub ahead of print],
Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart BJiythm Association and the Heart BJiythm Society. Circulation 2006;114:c385–c484.
Cheitlin MD, Alpert JS, Armstrong WE, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography. Circulation 1997;95:1686–744.
Bellenger NG, Burgess MI, Ray SG, Lahiri A, Coats AJ, Cleland JG, et al. Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance; are they interchangeable? Eur Heart J 2000;21:1387–96.
Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WE, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davis JL, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography-summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/ AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:954–70.
Hoffmann R, von Bardeleben S, ten Cate F, Borges AC, Kaspr-zak J, Firschke C, et al. Assessment of systolic left ventricular function: a multi-centre comparison of cineventriculography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, unenhanced and contrast-enhanced echocardiography. Eur Heart J 2005;26:607–16.
Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Collins P, Klein HU, et al. Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:29–34.
Alfakih K, Reid S, Jones T, Sivananthan M. Assessment of ventricular function and mass by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2004;14:1813–22.
Walsh TF, Hundley WG. Assessment of ventricular function with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Cardiol Clin 2007;25:15–33.
van Royen N, Jaffe CC, Krumholz HM, Johnson KM, Lynch PJ, Natale D, et al. Comparison and reproducibility of visual echocar-diographic and quantitative radionuclide left ventricular ejection fractions. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:843–50.
Van der Wall EE, Bax JJ. Different imaging approaches in the assessment of left ventricular dysfunction: all things equal? Eur Heart J 2000;21:1295–7.
Beige B, Coche E, Pasquet A, Vanoverschelde JL, Gerber BL. Accurate estimation of global and regional cardiac function by retrospectively gated mulridetector row computed tomography: comparison with cine magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2006;16:1424–33.
Stolzmann P, Scheffel H, Trindade PT, Plass AR, Husmann L, Leschka S, et al. Left Ventricular and Left Atrial Dimensions and Volumes: Comparison Between Dual-Source CT and Echocardiography. Invest Radiol 2008;43:284–9.
Juergens KU, Grude M, Maintz D, Fallenberg EM, Wichter T, Heindel W, et al. Mulri-detector row CT of left ventricular function with dedicated analysis software versus MR imaging: initial experience. Radiology 2004;230:403–10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Department of Cardiology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Cardiology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
M.F. Scholten Department of Cardiology, Medical Spectrum Twente, PO Box 50 000, 7500 Enschede, the Netherlands
A complete list of references can be found on our website www.cardiologie.nl
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kraaier, K., Verhorst, P.M.J., van Dessel, P.F.H.M. et al. Towards a better risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in patients with structural heart disease. NHJL 17, 101–106 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03086227
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03086227