Activities of daily living and depressive symptoms of nursing home residents. Does social comparison play a moderating or a mediating role?
The present study examines the influences of activities of daily living and social comparison on depressive symptoms. Furthermore, this study investigates whether social comparison moderates or mediates the relationship between activities of daily living and depressive symptoms. Residents of a nursery home (N = 102)were interviewed using structured questionnaires. As predicted, activities of daily living are negatively relatedto depressive symptoms. Downward and upward social comparison did not moderate the relationship between activities of daily living and depressive symptoms. Downward and upward social comparison mediated the relationship between activities of daily living and depressive symptoms. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed.
Literatuur
Ahrens, A. H. (1991). Dysphoria and social comparison: Combining information regarding others’ performances. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 190-205.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. New York: Sage
Albright, J. S., & Henderson, M. C. (1995). How real is depressive realism? A question of scales and standards. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19(5), 589-609.
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging : A model of selective optimisation with compensation. In P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.). Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioural sciences (pp. 1-34). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Beekman, A. T. F., Copeland, J. R. M., & Prince, M. (1999). Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 307-311.
Blazer, D. G., Hughes, D. C., & George, L. K. (1987). The epidemiology of depression in an elderly community population. The Gerontologist, 27, 281-287.
Buunk, B. P., & Gibbons, F. X. (1997). Health, coping and well-being: perspectives from social comparison theory. New Yersey: LEA.
Buunk, B. P., Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E., Yperen, N. W. van, & Dakof, G.A. (1990). The affective consequences of social comparison: Either direction has its ups and downs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1238-1249.
Buunk, B. P., Oldersma F. L., & Dreu,K.W. de (2001). Enhancing satisfaction through downward comparison: the role of relational discontent and individual differences in social comparison orientation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 452-467.
Chou, K.L., & Chi, I. (2001). Social comparison in Chinese older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 5, 242-252.
Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1984). Personality as a lifelong determinant of wellbeing. In C. Z. Malatesta & C. Z. Izard (Eds.). Emotion in adult development(pp. 141 -155). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social Stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske & G. Lindzey (Eds.). The handbook of social psychology (pp. 504-553) New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Does, A.J.W. van der (2002). BDI-II Dutch translation. Enschede: Ipskamp.
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R.(1975). Mini-mental State. A practical method for grading cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatry12, 189-198.
Frieswijk, N., Buunk, B. P., Steverink, N., & Slaets, J. P. J. (2004). The effect of social comparison information on the life satisfaction of frail older persons. Psychology and Aging, 19, 183-190.
Furnham, A., & Brewin, C. R. (1987). Social comparison and depression. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 149, 191-198.
Garnefski, N., Pannebakker, N., Ruchlewska, A., & Vivian, K. (2003). De relatie tussen cognitieve copingstrategieën, persoonlijkheidskenmerken en symptomen van depressie. Gedrag & Gezondheid, 31, 250-261.
Geerlings, S. W. (2002). The age of depression, a follow-up study on depression and physical health in older adults in the community. Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie,34, 78-79.
Gergen, K. (1981). The function and foibles of negotiating self-conception. In M. Lynch, Norem-Hebeisen, & K. Gergen (Eds.). Self concept: Advances in theory and research(pp. 45-63). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Grady, J. (1986). Zelfredzaamheid, ADL, basiszorg. Lochem: De Tijdstroom.
Haan, R. de, Limburg, M., Schuling, J., Broeshart, J., Jonker, L., & Zuylen, P. van (1993). Klinimetrische evaluatie van de Barthel-index, een maat voor beperkingen in het dagelijks functioneren. NederlandsTijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 37, 917921.
Heidrich, S. M., & Ryff, C. D. (1993). The role of social comparisons processes in the psychological adaptation of elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology, 48, 127-136.
Joling, E. J., Bos, A. E. R., & Sandfort, T. (2003). Discriminatie van homoseksuele mannen en lesbische vrouwen op het werk: Een onderzoek naar de relatie tussen homodiscriminatie, coping en gezondheid. In E. van Dijk, E. Kluwer & D. Wigboldus (red.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2002 (pp. 161-173). Delft: Eburon.
Jongenelis, K., Pot, A. M., Eisses, A. M. H., Beekman, A. T. F., Kluiter, H., Tilburg W. van, & Ribbe, M. W. (2003). Depressie bij oudere verpleeghuispatienten: Een review. Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie, 34, 52-59.
Katz, I. R., Lesher, E., Klebam, M. Jethanandani, V., & Parmelee, P. (1989). Clinical features of depression in the nursing home. International Psychogeriatrics,1, 5-15.
Klein, W. M. (1997). Objective standards are not enough: Affective, self-evaluate, and behavioural responses to social comparison information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 763-774.
Kwakkel, G. Wagenaar, R. C. , Twisk, J. W. R., Lankhorst, G. J., & Koetsier, J. C. (1999). Effects of intensity of lower and upper extremity training after a primary middle cerebral artery stroke. A randomised clinical trial. Lancet, 354, 191-196.
Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans, Journal of Gerontology, 33, 109-125.
Lindeboom, J., & Jonker, C. (1989). Amsterdamse Dementie Screeningstest (ADS6).Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger BV.
Mahoney, F. I., & Barthel, D. W. (1965). Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, 62.
Markus, H., & Cross, S. (1990). The interpersonal self. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of Personality:The-ory & research (pp. 576-608) New York: Guilford Press.
Mendes, W. B., Blaschovich, J., Major, B., & Seery, M. (2001). Challenge and threat responses during downward and upward social comparisons. European Journal of Social Psychologie, 31, 477-497.
Mussweiler, T., Ruter, K., & Epstude, K. (2004). The man who wasn’t there: Subliminal social comparison standards influence self-evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 689-696.
Rickabaugh, C. A., & Tomlinson-Kea-sey, C. (1997). Social and temporal comparisons in adjustment to aging. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19, 307-328.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton New York: Princeton University Press.
Ryff, C. D., & Essex, M. J. (1991). Psychological well-being in adulthood and old age: Descriptive markers and explanatory processes. In K. W. Schaie & M. Powell Lawton (Eds.). Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (pp. 144-171). New York: Springer.
Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1984). Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 780-792.
Stapel, D. A., & Blanton, H. (2004). From seeing to being: Subliminal social comparisons affect implicit and explicit self-evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 468-481.
Suls, J., & Wheeler, L. (2000). Handbook of social comparison theory and research. New York: Plenum
Taylor, S. E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events. A theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38, 1161-1173.
Taylor, S. E., & Lobel, M. (1989). Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts. Psychological Review, 96, 569-575.
Tesser, A., & Campbell, J. (1983). Selfdefinition and self-evaluation maintenance. In J. Suls & A. Greenwald (Eds.). Psychological perspectives on the self (pp. 1-32). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Verhoeven, W. M. A., Tuinier, S., & Noten, J. B. G. M. (1996). Stemmingsstoornissen en psychosen bij ouderen. Tijdschrift Verpleeghuisgeneeskunde, 20, 6-10.
Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245271.
Wils, V., Godderis, J., & Igodt, P. (2001). Ouderdomsdepressies en subcorticale ischemische hersenschade. Tijdschrift Gerontologie en Geriatrie, 32, 104-108.
Wood, J. V., Taylor, S. E., & Lichtman, R.R. (1985). Social comparisons of personal attributes. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 231-248.
Wood, J. V. (1996). What is social comparison and how should we study it? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 520-537.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Edith D. Stam, Arjan E.R. Bos en Daantje Derks zijn werkzaam bij de Open Universiteit Nederland. Birgit Mayer is werkzaam bij de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam. Correspondentieadres: Dr. Arjan Bos, Faculteit Psychologie, Open Universiteit Nederland, Postbus 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stam, E., Bos, A.R., Mayer, B. et al. Zelfstandigheid bij activiteiten van het dagelijks leven en depressieve verschijnselen van verpleeghuisbewoners. Speelt sociale vergelijking een modererende of een mediërende rol?. PSEG 33, 176–183 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03071080
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03071080