Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) has been synthesized by pyrolysing mustard oil using an oil lamp. It was made water-soluble (wsCNT) through oxidative treatment by dilute nitric acid and was characterized by SEM, AFM, XRD, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The synthesized wsCNT showed the presence of several junctions and defects in it. The presence of curved graphene structure (sp2) with frequent sp3 hybridized carbon is found to be responsible for the observed defects. These defects along with the presence of di- and tri-podal junctions showed interesting magnetic properties of carbon radicals formed by spin frustration. This trapped carbon radical showed ESR signal in aqueous solution and was very stable even under drastic treatment by strong oxidizing or reducing agents. Oxidative acid treatment of CNT introduced several carboxylic acid group functionalities in wsCNT along with the nicking of the CNT at different lengths with varied molecular weight. To evaluate molecular weights of these wsCNTs, an innovative method like gel electrophoresis using high molecular weight DNA as marker was introduced.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T W Odom, J L Huang, P Kim and C M Lieber,J. Phys. Chem. B104, 2794 (2000)
R H Baughman, A A Zakhidov and W A de Heer,Science 297, 787 (2002);Acc. Chem. Res.-Special Issue 35, 997 (2002)
B S Sherigara, W Kutner and F D’Souza,Electroanalysis 15, 753 (2003)
C N R Rao, B C Satishkumar, A Govindaraj and M Nath,Chem. Phys. Chem 2, 78 (2001)
S S Wong, J D Harper, P T Jr. Lansburry and C M Lieber,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 603 (1998)
G Che, B B Lakshmi, E R Fisher and C R Martin,Nature 393, 346 (1998)
T Rueckes, K Kim, E Loselevich, G Tseng, C L Cheung and C M Lieber,Science 289, 94 (2000)
A Bachtold, P Hadley, T Nakanishi and C Dekker,Science 294, 1317 (2001)
M Bockrath, D H Cobden, P L McEuen, N G Chopra, A Zettl, A Thess and R E Smalley,Science 275, 1922 (1997)
H Ago, K Petritsch, M S P Shaffer, A H Windle and R H Friend,Adv. Mater. 11, 1281 (1999)
A Kasumov, R Deblock, M Kociak, B Reulet, H Bouchiat, I Khodos, Y Gorbatov, V Volkov, C Journet and M Burghard,Science 284, 1508 (1999)
R H Baughman, C Anvar, A Zakhidov, Z Iqbal, J N Barisci, G M Spinks, G C Wallace, A Mazzoldi, D De Rossi, A Rinzler, O Jaschinski, S Roth and M Kertesz,Science 284, 1340 (1999)
P Poncharal, Z Wang, D Ugarte and W Heer,Science 283, 1513 (1999)
C Niu, E Sichel, R Hoch, D Moy and H Tennet,Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 1480 (1997)
S S Wong, E Joselevich, A T Woolley, C L Cheung, C M Lieber,Nature 394, 52 (1998)
J Kong, N Franklin, C Zhou, M Chapline, S Peng, K Cho and H Dai,Science 287, 622 (2000)
A Dillon, K Jones, T Bekkedahl, C Kiang, D Bethune and M Heben,Nature 386, 377 (1997)
P Calvert,Nature 357, 365 (1992)
M S P Shaffer and A H Windle,Adv. Mater. 11, 937 (1999)
A Mamedov, N Kotov, M Prato, D Guldi, J Wisksted and A Hirsch,Nat. Mater. 1, 190 (2002)
J Rouse, P T Lillehe,Nano. Lett. 3, 59 (2003)
P J Britto, K S V Santhanam, A Rubio, J A Alonso and P M Ajayan,Adv. Mater. 11, 154 (1999)
C Downs, J Nugent, P M Ajayan, D J Duquette and K S V Santhanam,Adv. Mater. 11, 1028 (1999)
P M Ajayan and S Iijima,Nature 361, 333 (1993)
L Ang, T Hor, G Hu, C Tung, S Zhao and J Wang,Chem. Mater 11, 2115 (1999)
S Iijima,Nature 354, 56 (1991)
S Iijima and T Ichihashi,Nature 363, 603 (1993)
T Guo, P Nikolaev, A Thess, D T Colbert and R E Smalley,Chem. Phys. Lett. 243, 49 (1995)
Y Gogotsia, J A Libera and M Yoshimura,J. Mater. Res. 15, 2591 (2000)
F Kokai, K Takahashi, M Yudasaka and S IijimaJ. Phys. Chem. B104, 6777 (2000)
W K Maseret al, Chem. Phys. Lett. 292, 587 (1998)
W Wang, J Y Huang, D Z Wang and Z F Ren,Carbon 43, 1317 (2005)
J Chen, M A Hamon, H Hu, Y Chen, A M Rao, P C Eklund and R C Haddon,Science 282, 95 (1998)
N V Sidgwick,The chemical elements and their compounds (Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, London, 1952) vol. I, p. 488
S C Tsang, Y K Chen, P J F Harris and M L H GreenNature 372, 159 (1994)
J Liuet al, Science 280, 1253 (1998)
A G Rinzleret al, Appl. Phys. A67, 29 (1998)
L Liu, S Zhang, T Hu, T Guo, C Ye, L Dai and D Zhu,Chem. Phys. Lett. 359, 191 (2002)
C N R Rao, A Govindaraj and B C Satishkumar,Chem. Commun. 1525 (1996)
P Griess,Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 12, 427 (1879) as cited in Fiegl’s spot tests in inorganic analysis (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1958) p. 330
P K Hansma, J P Cleveland, M Radmacher, D A Walters, P E Hillner, M Bezanilla, M Fritz, D Vie, H G Hansma, C B Prater, J Massie, L Fukunaga, J Gurley and V Elings,Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1738 (1994)
W Han, S M Lindsay and T Jing,Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 4111 (1996)
J Kastner, T Pichler, H Kuzmany, S Curran, W Blau, D N Weldon, M Delamesiere, S Draper and H Zandbergen,Chem. Phys. Lett. 21, 53 (1994)
W S Bacsa, D Ugarte, A Châtelain and W A de Heer,Phys. Rev. B50, 15473 (1994)
K Tanaka, T Yamabe and K Fukui,The science and technology of carbon nanotubes (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Lausanne, New York, Oxford, Shannon, Singapore, Tokyo, 1999)
N I Kovtyukhova, T E Mallouk, L Pan and E C Dickey,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 9761 (2003)
K H An, K K Jeon, J M Moon, S J Eum, C W Yang, G S Park, C Y Park and Y H Lee,Synthetic Metals 1, 10379 (2003)
S L Fang, A M Rao, P C Eklund, P Nikolaev, A G Rinzler and R E Smalley,J. Mater. Res. 13, 2405 (1998)
K Nakamoto,Infrared and Raman spectra of inorganic and coordination compounds 4th edition (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986)
Y P Sun, B Zhou, K Henbest, K Fu, W Huang, Y Lin, S Taylor and D L Carroll,Chem. Phys. Lett. 351, 349 (2002)
N Park, M Yoon, S Berber, J Ihm, E Osawa and D Tom’anek,Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 237204 (2003)
B Narymbetovet al, Nature 407, 883 (2000)
P M Allemandet al, Science 253, 301 (1991)
A Mrzelet al, Chem. Phys. Lett. 298, 329 (1998)
T L Makarovaet al, Nature 413, 716 (2001)
R E Smalleyet al, Science 265, 84 (1994)
A A Ovchinnikov and I L Shamovsky,J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem.) 83, 133 (1991)
Yong-Hyun Kimet al, Phys. Rev. B68, 125420 (2003)
S K Doorn, R E Fields, H Hu, M A Hamon, R C Haddon, J P Selegue and V Majidi,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 3169 (2002)
D A Heller, R M Mayrhofer, S Baik, Y V Grinkova, M L Usrey and M S Strano,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 14567 (2004)
M Zheng, A Jagota, E D Semke, B A Diner, R S Mclean, S R Lustig, R E Richardson and N G Tassi,Nat. Mater. 2, 338 (2003)
M Zheng, A Jagota, M S Strano, A P Santos, P Barone, S G Chou, B A Diner, M S Dresselhaus, R S McLean, G B Onoa, G G Samsonidze, E D Semke, M Usrey and D J Walls,Science 302, 1545 (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dubey, P., Muthukumaran, D., Dash, S. et al. Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble carbon nanotubes from mustard soot. Pramana - J. Phys. 65, 681–697 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03010456
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03010456
Keywords
- Water-soluble carbon nanotubes
- mustard soot
- functionalization with hydrophilic groups
- multipodal junctions
- gel electrophoresis
- molecular weight of wsCNT