Abstract
Symptoms of tree damage observed in Europe and overseas are often described as premature senescence. However, our own experiments with fumigated poplars have shown that the term premature senescence is misleading if undue emphasis is placed on features common to both normal and premature senescence. Consequently, the term should be replaced by a concrete description of the stress symptom noted, e.g. premature leaf loss or premature starch degradation. Such stress symptoms are usually unspecific — just like the mechanisms of stress avoidance or stress tolerance themselves. A stress model taking account of ecological, physiological and evolutionary aspects is presented; it is shown that the different stress phases are influenced by various factors, e.g. the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves. The stress reactions displayed by fumigated poplars serve as illustrations for this model. Different species of the genusPopulus can be classified as more or less pure C-strategists. It is postulated that this group of plants, in particular, is disturbed by various stress parameters, such as air pollutants, if shoot growth or metabolite transport is impaired.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- R:
-
net flux density of all-wave radiation (Wm2)
- p cp:
-
volumetric heat capacity of the air (Jm3 °C1)
- p:
-
density of a gas (kg/m3)
- cp :
-
specific heat at constant pressure (1010 Jkg-1°C1)
- es(Ts):
-
saturated vapour pressure of air at the temperature Ts of the leaf surface (kPa)
- Ta:
-
atmospheric temperature (°C)
- e:
-
water vapour pressure of free air (kPa)
- γ:
-
psychometric constant (0.66 mbar °C1)
- rs:
-
stomatal resistance (s m-1)
- raH20, RaH :
-
boundary layer or aerodynamic resistance to transfer of water, heat, mass or momentum (sm1)
References
Ballach, H.-J.;J. Mooi;R. Wittig (1992a): Premature aging inPopulus nigra L. after exposure to air pollutants. Angew. Bot. 66, 14–20
Ballach, H.-J.;S. Oppenheimer;J. Mooi (1992b): Reactions of cloned poplars to air pollution: Premature leaf loss and investigations of the nitrogen metabolism. Z. Naturforsch. 47c, 109–119
Ballach, H.-J. (1995): Untersuchungen zum Immissionsstreß Monierter Pappeln. Verh. Ges. Ökol. 24, 249–254
Ballach, H.-J.;Ch. Niederée;R. Wittig;E.J. Woltering (1995): Reactions of cloned poplars to air pollution — ozone induced increase of stress ethylene and possible antisenescence strategies. Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res 2, 201–206
Ballach, H.-J (1997a): Impact studies on cloned poplars I: Suitability and use of poplars as bioindicators. Environ Sci. & Pollut. Res. 4 (1) 37–48
Ballach, H.-J (1997b): Impact studies on cloned poplars II: Ozone and heavy metals from automobile catalytic converters. Environ Sci. & Pollut. Res. 4 (3) 1–9
Bazzaz, F.A. (1996): Plants in changing environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 320 pp.
Bradford, K.J. &T.C. Hsiao (1982): Physiological responses to moderate water stress. In:Lange, O.;P.S. Nobel;C.B. Osmond;H. Ziegler (Eds.): Physiological plant ecology II. Springer, Berlin, 264–312
Bücker, J. &H.-J. Ballach (1992): Alterations in carbohydrate levels in leaves ofPopulus due to ambient air pollution. Physiol. Plantarum 86, 512–517
Ceulemans, R. (1990): Genetic variation in functional and structural productivity determinants in poplar. Thesis Publishers, Amsterdam, 99 pp.
Ceulemans, R. &J.G. Isebrands (1996): Carbon acquisition and allocation. In:Stettler, R.F.;H.D. Bradshaw (J.R.);P.E. Heilman;T.M. Hinckley (Eds.): Biology ofPopulus and its implications for management and conservation, Part II. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 355–399
Coleman, M.D.;R.E. Dickson;J.G. Isebrands;D.F. Karnosky (1995): Carbon allocation and partitioning in aspen clones varying in sensitivity to tropopheric ozone. Tree Physiol. 15, 593–604
Dickson, R.E. (1986): Carbon fixation and distribution in young Populus trees. In:Fujimori, T. &D. Whttehead (Eds.): Proceedings crown and canopy structure in relation to productivity. Forest and Forest Product Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan, 409–426
Dickson, R.E. (1991): Assimilate distribution and storage. In:Raghavendra, A.S. (Ed.): Physiology of trees. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 51–87
Forschungsbeirat Waldschäden/Luftverunreinigungen der Bundesregierung und der Länder (1984): Materialiensammlung für den Zwischenbericht 1984 des Forschungsbeirats. Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, 368 pp.
Grace, J. (1983): Plant-atmosphere relationships. Chapman & Hall, London, 92 pp.
Grime, J.P. (1977): Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am. Nat. 11, 1169–94
Grime, J.P.;J.C. Crick;J.E. Rincon (1986): The ecological significance of plasticity. In:Jennings, D.H. &A.J. Trewavas (Eds.): Plasticity in plants. Cambridge, University Press, London
Grime, J.P.;J.G. Hodgson;R. Hunt (1990): The abridged comparative plant ecology. — Unwin Hyman, London, 399 pp.
Havaux, M.;M. Ernez, R. Launoye (1988): Tolerance of poplar (Populus sp.) to environmental stresses. I. Comparative study of poplar clones using the in vitro chlorophyll fluorescence method. Acta Oecol. 9, 161–172
Heath, R.L. (1988): Biochemical responses of pollutant stress. In:Heck, W.W.;O. C. Taylor;D. T. Tingey (Eds.): Assessment of crop loss from air pollutants. Elsevier, London, 259–286
Jones, H.G. &M.B. Jones (1989): In:Jones, H.G.;T.J. Flowers;M.B. Jones (Eds.): Plants under stress. Soc. Exp. Biol. 39, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1–11
Kargiolaki, H.;D.J. Osborne;F.B. Thompson (1991): Leaf abscission and stem lesions (intumescences) on poplar clones after SO2 and 03 fumigation: A link with ethylene release? J. Exp. Bot. 42, 1189–1198
Kozlowski, T.T. (1976): Water supply and leaf shedding. In:Kozlowski, T.T. (Ed.): Water deficits and plant growth, IV. Academic Press, London, 191–231
Kozlowski, T.T &S.G. Pallardy (1997): Growth control in woody plants. Academic Press, San Diego, 641 pp.
Krupa, S.V. (1997): Air pollution, people, and plants. APS Press, Minnesota, 197 pp.
Langebartels, C.; D. Ernst; W. Heiler; C. Lutz; H.-D. Payer, H. Sandermann (JR.) (1996): Ozone responses of trees: Results from controlled exposure at the GSF phytotron. In: Sandermann, H.; A.R. Wellburn; R.L. Heath (Eds.): Forest decline and ozone. Ecol. Studies 17, 163–200
Larcher, W. (1969): The effect of environmental and physiological variables on the carbon dioxide exchange of trees. Photosynthetica 3, 167–198
Larcher, W. (1987): Streß bei Pflanzen. Naturwissenschaften 74, 158–167
Larcher, W. (1995): Physiological plant ecology. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 321–448
Leopold, A.C. (1983): Aging and senescence in plant development. In:Thimann, K. V. (Ed.): Senescence in plants. CRC Press, Florida, 1–13
Levitt, J. (1980): Responses of plants to environmental stresses. Academic Press, New York
Mohr, H. (1983): Zur Faktorenanalyse des Baumsterbens. Biologie in unserer Zeit 13, 74–78
Mooi, J. (1983): Responses of some poplar species to mixtures of SO2, NO2 and O3. Aquilo Ser. Bot. 19, 189–196
Noble, R. D. &K.F. Jensen (1980): Effects of sulphur dioxide and ozone on growth of hybrid poplar leaves. Am. J. Bot. 67, 1005–1009
Osmond, C.B.;M.P. Austin;J.A. Berry;W.D. Billings;J.S. Boyer;J.W.H. Dacey;P.S. Nobel;S.D. Smith;W.E. Winner (1987): Stress physiology and the distribution of plants. BioScience 37, 38–48
Pearcy, R.W.;O. Björkman;M.M. Caldwell;J.E. Keeley;R.K. Monson;B.R. Strain (1987): Carbon gain by plants in natural environments. BioScience 37, 21–29
Reich, P.B (1983): Effects of low concentrations of 03 on net photosynthesis, dark respiration, and chlorophyll contents in aging hybrid poplar leaves. Plant Physiol. 73, 291–296
Reich, P.B. &J.R. Lassoie (1985): Influence of low concentration of ozone on growth, biomass partitioning and leaf senescence in young hybrid poplar plants. - Environ. Pollut. 39, 39–51
Schulze, E. D.;R.H. Robichaux;J. Grace;P.W. Rundel;J.R. Ehlerjnger (1987): Plant water balance. BioScience 37, 30–37
Selye, H. (1936): A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 138, 32
Stocker, O. (1947): Probleme der pflanzlichen Dürreresistenz. Naturwissenschaften 34, 362–371
Wolfenden, J.;P.A. Wookey;P.W. Lucas;TA. Mansfield (1992): Action of pollutants individually and in combination. In:Barker, J.R. &D.T. Tingey (Eds.): Air pollutant effects on biodiversity. - Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 72–92
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ballach, HJ. Research articles: Special issue “impact studies on cloned poplars”. Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res. 5, 37–43 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986372
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986372