Conclusion
It is apparent that heightened interest in salinity and related factors which restrict plant growth in arid or irrigated areas has produced notable contributions to the literature of this field in the past two decades. Quantitative information on the salt tolerance of the most important crop plants has been obtained, and the proximal causes of salt injury have, in some cases, been carefully analyzed. Experimental demonstration of the general occurrence of osmotic effects and the more restricted development of specific ion effects has cleared the way for further advances in understanding the nature of salt injury to plants. Still awaiting clarification is the relative importance of factors which contribute to salt tolerance or sensitivity when osmotic effects predominate. It is obvious that when water availability is restricted by salinity, all the factors which regulate or influence water absorption and water loss by plants contribute in some way to the resultant which is termed “salt tolerance.” Little has, as yet, been done to evaluate these factors in terms of their contribution to salt tolerance.
The mechanisms whereby chloride or sodium ions are specifically toxic to sensitive species remain unknown. The similarity of toxic levels of accumulation of these ions in widely diverse species suggests a common mechanism or condition which qualitatively distinguishes these species from non-sensitive species. The mechanism of salt toxicity, and the distinguishing features of salt tolerance, appear to be the major tasks for research on salt tolerance of plants in the decade ahead.
Similar content being viewed by others
Bibliography
Abell, L. F. 1954. De zoutgevoeligheid van zaadteeltgewassen. Cent. v. Landbdoc. Litlijst. 13. 32 pp.
Adriani, M. J. 1956. Der Wasserhaushalt der Halophyten.In: Handbuch Pflanzenphysiologie. Vol. 3:902–914.
Allen, P. F. 1950. Ecological bases for land use planning in Gulf coast marshlands. Jour. Soil & Water Conserv.5 (2): 57–62, 85.
Arnold, A. 1950. Zur Frage der Chlorionentoleranz der Pflanzen. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges.63: 33.
Asghar, A. G., andHamid, Abdul. 1953. Cotton and sugarcane on saline or partially reclaimed soils. Pakistan Jour. Sci.5: 66–82.
Ayers, A. D. 1948. Salt tolerance of birdsfoot trefoil. Amer. Soc. Agron., Jour.40: 331–334.
-----. 1950. Salt tolerance of avocado trees grown in culture solution. Calif. Avocado Soc., Yearbook: 139–148.
————— 1952. Seed germination as affected by soil moisture and salinity. Agron. Jour.44: 82–84.
————— 1953. Germination and emergence of several varieties of barley in salinized soil cultures. Agron. Jour.45: 68–71.
-----,Aldrich, D. G. andCoony, J. J. 1951. Sodium and chloride injury of Fuerte avocado leaves. Calif. Avocado Soc., Yearbook: 174–178.
—————, andWadleigh, C. H. 1952. Salt tolerance of barley and wheat in soil plots receiving several salinization regimes. Agron. Jour.44: 307–310.
————— andHayward, H. E. 1948. A method for measuring the effects of soil salinity on seed germination with observations on several crop plants. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.13: 224–226.
————— andBernstein, L. 1951. Salt tolerance of six varieties of lettuce. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.57: 237–242.
Bagdasarashvili, Z. G. 1952 [In regard to salt resistance of grape vine]. [In Russian] Pochvovedenie.6: 551–561.
Beeftink, W. G. 1955. Examination of soils and crops after the inundations of 1st February, 1953. III. Sensitivity to salt of inundated fruit crops. Neth. Jour. Agr. Sci.3: 15–34.
Berg, C. van den 1950. The influence of salt in the soil on the yield of agricultural crops. IV Int. Cong. Soil Sci., Trans. Vol.1: 411–413.
----- 1952. [The influence of absorbed salts on growth and yield of agricultural crops on salty soils. The inundations of 1944–1945 in the Netherlands and their effect on agriculture. XII]. [In Dutch; Eng. sum.] Dir. van den Landbouw, Verslag. van Landbouwk. Onderzoek, 58.5, 118 pp.
—————, andWesterhof, J. J. 1954. Examination of soils and crops after the inundations of 1st February, 1953. I. Salty soils and agricultural crops. Neth. Jour. Agr. Sci.2: 242–253.
Bernstein, L., andAyers, A. D. 1951. Salt tolerance of six varieties of green beans. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.57: 243–248.
————— and ————— 1953. Salt tolerance of five varieties of onions. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.62: 367–370.
————— and ————— 1953. Salt tolerance of five varieties of carrots. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.61: 360–366.
—————, ————— andWadleigh, C. H. 1951. The salt tolerance of White Rose potatoes. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.57: 231–236.
————— andHayward, H. E. 1956. The influence of rootstock on growth and salt accumulation in stone-fruit trees and almonds. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.68: 86–95.
————— andFireman, M. 1956. Laboratory studies on salt distribution in furrow-irrigated soil with special reference to the preemergence period. Soil Sci.83: 249–263.
————— andKrantz, B. A. 1955. The interaction of salinity and planting practice on the germination of irrigated row crops. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.19: 240–243.
————— andPearson, G. A. 1956. The influence of exchangeable sodium on the yield and chemical composition of plants. I. Green beans, garden beets, clover and alfalfa. Soil Sci.82: 247–258.
Biebl, R. 1953. The resistance of sea-shore plants to sea water. Photog. u. Forsch.5: 174–180.
Black, R. F. 1956. Effect of NaCl in water culture on the ion uptake and growth ofAtriplex hastata L. Austral. Jour. Biol. Sci.9: 67–80.
Blodgett, Earle C., andSnyder, R. S. 1946. Effect of alkali salts on shape and appearance of Russet Burbank potatoes. Amer. Potato Jour.23: 425–430.
Bower, C. A., andWadleigh, C. H. 1948. Growth and cationic accumulations by four species of plants as influenced by various levels of exchangeable sodium. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.13: 218–223.
Brown, J. C. 1956. Iron chlorosis. Ann. Rev. Plant. Physiol.7: 171–190.
Brown, J. G. andVoth, V. 1955. Salt damage to strawberries. Calif. Agr.9(8): 11–12.
Brown, J. W. andHayward, H. E. 1956. Salt tolerance of alfalfa varieties. Agron. Jour.48: 18–20.
————— andWadleigh, C. H. 1955. Inflluence of sodium bicarbonate on the growth and chlorosis of garden beets. Bot. Gaz.116: 201–209.
—————, ————— andHayward, H. E. 1953. Foliar analysis of stone fruit and almond trees on saline substrates. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.61: 49–55.
Buchner, A. 1951. Zur Wirkung von Natrium und Chlor bei der Rubendúngung. Zeits. Acker- und Pflanzenbau.93: 523–528.
Burcik, E. 1951. Über die Beziehungen zwischen Hydratur und Wachstum bei Bakterien und Hefen. Arch. Mikrobiol.15: 203–235.
Butijn, J. 1954. [The salt susceptibility of wind screens and fruit trees on saline spots in Zeeland]. [In Dutch; Eng. sum.] Netherlands. Dir. van de Tuinbouw. Meded.17: 821–824.
Butterfield, H. M. 1955. Ornamental plants tolerant of saline and alkali soils. Calif. U. Agr. Ext. County C. 40, 3 pp.
Cerighilli, R., andDurand, V. 1954. Influence du chlorure de sodium sur la germination et la developpement du riz. Jour. Riz.4: 34–45.
Chang, C. W., andDregne, H. E. 1955. Effect of exchangeable sodium on soil properties and on growth and cation content of alfalfa and cotton. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.19: 29–35.
Chapman, H. D. 1949. Citrus leaf analysis. Calif. Agric.3 (11): 10, 12, 14.
Cooper, W. C. 1951. Salt tolerance of avocados on various rootstocks. Texas Avocado Soc., Yearbook.4: 24–28.
-----. 1953. Collapse of mature papaya plants associated with accumulation of chlorides in the roots. Texas Avocado Soc., Yearbook: 37–40.
————— andShull, A. V. 1952. Selection for salt tolerance of some subtropical fruit plants. Texas Avocado Soc., Yearbook:5: 24–36.
————— andEdwards, C. 1950. Salt and boron tolerance of Shary Red grapefruit and Valencia orange on sour orange and Cleopatra Mandarin rootstocks. Proc. Rio Grande Valley Hort. Inst.4: 58–79.
————— andGorton, B. S. 1951. Relation of leaf composition to leaf burn of avocados and other subtropical fruits. Texas Avocado Soc., Yearbook:1950: 32–38.
————— and ————— 1952. Toxicity and accumulation of chloride salts in citrus on various rootstocks. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.59: 143–146.
—————, ————— andEdwards, C. 1951. Salt tolerance of various citrus rootstocks. Proc. Rio Grande Valley Hort. Inst.5: 46–52.
—————, ————— andOlson, E. O. 1952. Ionic accumulation in citrus as influenced by rootstock and scion and concentration of salts and boron in the substrate. Plant Physiol.27: 191–203.
----- andLink, H. 1953. Salt tolerance of subtropical ornamental plants. Texas Avocado Soc., Yearbook: 47–50.
————— andOtey, G. 1956. Review of studies on adaptability of citrus varieties as rootstocks for grapefruit in Texas. Jour. Rio Grande Valley Hort. Soc.10: 6–19.
————— andPeynado, A. 1954. The chemical composition of papaya plants grown in saline soils. Texas Avocado Soc., Yearbook:1954: 43–48.
—————, ————— andShull, A. V. 1955. Boron accumulation in citrus as influenced by rootstock. Proc. Rio Grande Valley Hort. Inst.9: 86–94.
————— andShull, A. V. 1953. Salt tolerance of and accumulation of sodium and chloride ions in grapefruit on various rootstocks grown in a naturally saline soil. Proc. Rio Grande Valley Hort. Inst.7: 107–117.
Dam, J. G. C. van. 1954. [Research on the salt susceptibility of the principal outdoor vegetable crops]. [In Dutch; Eng. sum.] Neth. Dir. van de Tuinbouw. Meded.17: 811–820.
————— 1955. Examination of soils and crops after the inundations of 1st February, 1953. II. The influence of salt on the chief vegetable crops. Neth. Jour. Agr. Sci.3: 1–14.
Danielson, R. E., andRussell, M. B. 1957. Ion absorption by roots as influenced by moisture and aeration. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.21: 3–6.
Dearborn, C. H. 1950. Effects of weed control sprays of sodium chloride and sodium chloride plus sodium nitrate on the stand and yield of canning beets. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.56: 275–278.
Del Valle, C. G. andBabe, E. 1947. Tolerancia del arroz al cloruro de sodio en cultivos de aniego. Est. Exp. Agron., Habana, Bol. 66. 16 pp.
Dorsman, C., andWattel, M. 1951. De inundaties gedurende 1944–1945 en hun gevolgen voor de landbouw. Deel VII—Zoutschade bij Twinbouwgewassen. [Eng. sum.] Verslag. van Landbouwk. Onderzoek. 57. 8 55 pp.
Doughty, J. L., andStalwick, A. E. 1940. The effect of alkali salts on plant growth. Sci. Agr. Canada20: 272–276.
Dubovik, IA. F. 1951. [Salt resistance of plants on saline soils]. [In Russian]. Bot. Zhur.36: 67–69.
Dunnewald, T. J. 1946. Removal of alkali by drainage and leaching. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 276. 28 pp.
Eaton, F. M. 1942. Toxicity and accumulation of chloride and sulfate salts in plants. Jour. Agr. Res.64: 357–399.
Ende, J. van den 1952. De invloed van zout gietwater op de ontwikkeling van verschillende gewassen onder glas. Meded. Direct Twinb.15: 884–903.
Fedorovskii, D. V. 1948. [Relation of wilting coefficient to plant species and to osmotic pressure of soil solution]. [In Russian]. Pochvovedenie1948: 612–621.
Ferguson, Catherine Rae. 1952. Salt tolerant plants for south Florida. Proc. Fla. Sta. Hort. Soc.65: 306–313.
Forsberg, D. E. 1953. Response of various forage crops to saline soils. Canad. Jour. Agr. Sci.33: 542–549.
Gadzhiev, A. Sh. 1952. [Salt tolerance of ornamental plants in Apsheron] [In Russian]. Moscow Glav. Bot. Sad. B.13: 15–19.
Gauch, H. G., andMagistad, O. C. 1943. Growth of strawberry clover varieties and of alfalfa and Ladino clover as affected by salt. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron.35: 871–880.
—————, andWadleigh, C. H. 1942. The influence of saline substrates upon the absorption of nutrients by bean plants. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.41: 365–369.
————— and ————— 1951. Salt tolerance and chemical composition of Rhodes and Dallis grasses grown in sand culture. Bot. Gaz.112: 259–271.
Gausman, H. W., Cowley, W. R. andBarton, J. H. 1954. Reaction of some grasses to artificial salinization. Agron. Jour.46: 412–414.
Genkel’, P. A. 1949. [Causes for drought resistance of some xerophytes and halophytes]. [In Russian]. Bot. Zhur.34: 461–473.
Gingrich, J. R., andRussell, M. B. 1957. A comparison of the effects of soil moisture tension and osmotic stress on root growth. Soil Sci. [In press].
Gorton, B. S., Cooper, W. C. andPeynado, A. 1954. Relation of calcium and potassium accumulation in citrus as influenced by rootstock and salinity of irrigation water. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.63: 49–52.
Grillot, Georges. 1954. The biological and agricultural problems presented by plants tolerant of saline or brackish water and the employment of such water for irrigation. Arid Zone Programme UNESCO Paris. pp. 9–35.
Groote, R. de 1954. Les substances nuisibles aux plantes dans l’eau d’ arrosage. Bull. Hort. (n.s.)9: 354–357.
Haas, A. R. C. 1945. Boron content of citrus trees grown on various rootstocks. Soil Sci.59: 465–479.
————— 1950. Mineral-element deficiency or excess and tipburn in citrus leaves. Calif. Citrograph35: 184–185, 198–199.
————— 1950. Effect of sodium chloride on Mexican, Guatemalan and West Indian avocado seedlings. Calif. Avocado Soc., Yearbook35: 153–160.
————— 1950. Calcium in relation to the effects of sodium in avocado seedlings. Calif. Avocado Soc., Yearbook35: 161–168.
————— 1952. Sodium effects on avocado rootstocks. Calif. Avocado Soc., Yearbook37: 159–166.
————— 1952. Sodium in Lisbon lemon trees grown in soil cultures. Citrus Leaves32 (10): 10–11, 26;32 (11): 12–13;32 (12): 13–14.
————— andBrusca, J. N. 1954. Sodium effects in citrus seedlings. Calif. Citrograph39: 373, 375.
————— and ————— 1955. Sodium-calcium nutrition in young citrus plants. Citrus Leaves35 (2): 9, 20.
————— and ————— 1955. Chloride toxicity in avocados. Calif. Agr.9 (2): 12–14.
Hansen, C. J. 1948. Influence of the rootstock on injury from excess boron in French (Agen) prune and President plum. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.51: 239–244.
————— 1955. Influence of the rootstock on injury from excess boron in Nonpareil almond and Elberta peach. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.65: 128–132.
Harding, R. B., Miller, M. P. andFireman, Milton. 1956. Sodium and chloride absorption by leaves. Calif. Citrograph41: 166, 176, 178, 180.
Harper, H. J. 1946. Effect of chloride on physical appearance and chemical composition of leaves of pecans and other native Oklahoma trees. Okl. Agr. Exp. Sta., Tech. Bul. T-23. 30 pp.
Hayward, H. E. 1954. Plant growth under saline conditions. Arid Zone Programme, UNESCO Paris, pp. 37–71.
-----. 1955. Factors affecting the salt tolerance of horticultural crops. Rept. XIV Int. Hort. Cong., Netherlands: 385–399.
————— andLong, E. M. 1943. Some effects of sodium salts on the growth of tomato. Plant Physiol.18: 556–569.
-----, ----- andUhvits, Rachel. 1946. Effect of chloride and sulfate salts on the growth and development of the Elberta peach on Shalil and Lovell rootstocks. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bull. 922. 48 pp.
————— andSpurr, W. B. 1943. Effects of osmotic concentration of substrate on the entry of water into corn roots. Bot. Gaz.105: 152–164.
————— and ————— 1944. The tolerance of flax to saline conditions: Effect of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium sulfate. Amer. Soc. Agron., Jour.36: 287–300.
————— andWadleigh, C. H. 1949. Plant growth on saline and alkali soils. Adv. Agron.1: 1–38.
Heald, W. R., Moodie, C. D., andLeamer, R. W. 1950. Leaching and pre-emergence irrigation for sugar beets on saline soils. Wash. State College, Bull. 519. 16 pp.
Helmerick, R. H., andPfeifer, R. P. 1954. Differential varietal responses of winter wheat germination and early growth to controlled limited moisture conditions. Agron. Jour.46: 560–562.
Hinde, H. P. 1954. Vertical distribution of salt marsh phanerogams in relation to tide level. Ecol. Monog.24: 209–225.
Iljin, W. S. 1932. Anpassung der Halophyten an konzentrierte Salzlösungen. Planta16: 352–366.
Imazu, T., andOsawa, T. 1954. [The effects of sodium chloride on some vegetables]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.] Hort. Assoc. Japan, Jour.22: 197–202.
Iwaki. S. 1956. [Studies on the salt injury in rice plants]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.] Mem. Ehime Univ. Sec. VI. (Agr.)2 (1): 1–156.
—————, andIkemoto, S. 1955. [Studies on the salt injury in rice plant. X. Rooting of rice plant in the salt solution of various concentrations] [In Japanese] [Abs.] Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, Proc.24: 121–122.
————— andOta, K. 1952. [Studies on the salt injury in rice plant (preliminary report] I. Absorption and germination of rice seeds in varying concentrations of NaCl]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.] Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, Proc.21: 87–88.
————— and —————. 1953. [Studies on the salt injury in rice plant. III]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.] Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, Proc.21: 245–246.
—————, ————— andOgo, T. 1953. [Studies on the salt injury of rice plant. IV. The influence on the growth, heading and ripening of rice plant under the varying concentrations of sodium chloride]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.] Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, Proc.12: 13–14.
Jones, W. W., Martin, J. P. andBitters, W. P. 1957. Influence of exchangeable sodium and potassium in the soil on the growth and composition of young lemon trees on different rootstocks. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.69: 189–196.
————— andHuberty, M. R. 1952. Effect of sodium in fertilizer and in irrigation water on concentration in leaf and root tissues of citrus trees. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.60: 65–70.
Kahn, A., Goss, J. A. andSmith, D. E. 1957. Effect of gibberellin on germination of lettuce seed. Science125: 645–646.
Kaliuzhnyi, M. IA. 1950. [Water content and some properties of yeasts grown on culture media with different contents of sodium salts]. [In Russian]. Mikrobiologiia19: 338–347.
Kapp, L. C. 1947. The effect of common salt on rice production. Ark. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 465. 7 pp.
Kling, E. G. 1954. [Physiology of plants in saline soils]. [In Russian]. Moscow. Glav. Bot. Sad. B.18: 59–73.
Kofranek, A. M., Lunt, O. R. andHart, S. A. 1953. Tolerance ofChrysanthemum morifolium variety Kramer to saline conditions. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.61: 528–532.
—————, ————— andKohl, H. C. 1956. Tolerance of poinsettias to saline conditions and high boron concentrations. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.68: 551–555.
—————, ————— and ————— 1957. Tolerance of gladioli to salinity and boron. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.69: 556–560.
Kohl, H. C., Kofranek, A. M. andLunt, O. R. 1956. Effects of various ions and total salt concentrations onSaintpaulia. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.68: 545–550.
-----, ----- and -----. 1957. Response of china asters to high salt and boron concentration. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. (In press).
Kovda, V. A. 1947. [Origin and regime of salinized soils] [In Russian]. Moskva, Academia Nauk SSSR Vol. II p. 258.
Kretschmer, A. E., Toth, S. J. andBear, F. E. 1953. Effects of Cl versus SO4 ions on nutrient ion absorption by plants. Soil Sci.76: 193–200.
Krupenikov, I. A. 1945. Ecological and biochemical characters ofBetula kirghizorum Saw.-Ryczg. resulting from the plant’s adaptation to soils impregnated with salts. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., Compt. Rend.47: 64–66.
————— 1945. Salt resistance of aspen under natural conditions. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., Compt. Rend.49: 377–380.
————— 1946. On the salt resistance ofClematis orientalis L. under natural conditions. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., Compt. Rend.53: 271–272.
Lal, K. N., andTyagi, R. S. 1949. Deficiency, favourable, and toxic effects of boron on tobacco. Amer. Jour. Bot.36: 676–680.
Latzko, E. 1954 Einfluss von Cl= und SO4 −—ernährung auf die Enzymtätigkeit von Kulturpflanzen. Pflanzenernähr, Düngung, Bodenk.66: 148–155.
—————. 1955. Beziehungen zwischen CL−—und SO4 −—ernährung. Assimiliationsintensität, Enzymaktivität, Kohlehydratstoffwechsel und Qualität bei Kartoffeln. Zeits. Pflanzenernähr., Düngung, Bodenk.68: 49–55.
Lehr, J. J. 1949. Exploratory pot experiments on sensitiveness of different crops to sodium: A. Spinach. Plant & Soil2:37–48.
————— 1953. Exploratory pot experiments on sensitiveness of different crops to sodium: B. Oats. Plant & Soil4: 289–297.
————— andWybenga, J. M. 1955. Exploratory pot experiments on sensitiveness of different crops to sodium. C. Flax. Plant & Soil6: 251–261.
Leonard, C. D., andToth, S. J. 1950. Plant studies with radioactive sodium. Agron. Jour.42: 469–474.
Lilleland, O., Brown, J. G. andSwanson, C. 1945. Research shows sodium may cause leaf-tip burn. Almond Facts9: 1, 5.
Linde, R. J. van der, andMeiden, H. A. van der. 1954. [The effect of the inundation of 1953 on woody plants]. [In Dutch]. Fruitteelt44: 99.
Lothian, T. R. N. 1954. Salt tolerant plants grown in South Australia. Fla. State Hort. Soc., Proc.67: 293–297.
Lunt, O. R., Kofranek, A. M. andHart, S. A. 1954. Tolerance of six stock(Mathiola incana) varieties to saline conditions. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sic.64: 431–436.
————— Jr., andKofranek, A. M. 1956. Tolerance of carnations to saline conditions and boron. Carnation Craft36: 5–6.
—————, ————— and ————— 1956. The effect of bicarbonate and other constituents of irrigation water on the growth of azaleas. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.68: 537–544.
—————, ————— and ————— 1957. Tolerance of azaleas and gardenias to salinity conditions and boron. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.69: 543–548.
McGeorge, W. T., andWharton, M. F. 1936. The movement of salt (alkali) in lettuce and other truck beds under cultivation. Ariz. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull.152: 391–438.
McKenzie, R. E., andBolton, J. L. 1947. Crop production on irrigated heavy-textured saline soils with particular reference to Val Marie irrigation project. Sci. Agr.27: 193–219.
McNaught, K. J., andHouston, Barbara J. 1956. Excess soluble salts in glasshouse tomato soils. New Zeal. Jour. Sci. & Tech.38: 449–465.
Magistad, O. C. 1945. Plant growth relations on saline and alkali soils. Bot. Rev.11: 181–230.
————— andReitemeier, R. F. 1943. Soil solution concentrations at the wilting point and their correlation with plant growth. Soil Sci.55: 351–360.
Marshall, J. B. 1942. Some observations on the tolerance of salinity by cereal crops in Saskatchewan. Sci. Agr.22: 492–502.
Martin, J. P. andBingham, F. T. 1954. Effect of various exchangeable cation ratios in soils on growth and chemical composition of avocado seedlings. Soil Sci.78: 349–360.
————— andMurphy, W. S. 1953. Effects of various soil exchangeable cation ratios on growth and chemical composition of citrus plants. Soil Sci.76: 285–295.
————— andJones, W. W. 1954. Greenhouse plant response to vinylacetate-maleic acid copolymer in natural soils and in prepared soils containing high percentages of sodium or potassium. Soil Sci.78: 317–324.
Matukhin, G. R. 1952. [Influence of soil salinity upon the growth of oak seedlings]. [In Russian]. Moscow Glav. Bot. Sad. B.13: 19–23.
Migahid, A. M., andAli, M. E. L. S. 1955. Osmotic pressure of plant sap as related to salinity and water content of the soil. Inst. Desert Egypte B.5: 57–81.
Millington, A. J., Burvill, G. H. andMarsh, B. a’B. 1951. Salt tolerance, germination and growth tests under controlled salinity conditions. Jour. Agric. W. Aust.28: 198–210.
Narasimhan, R., andDutt, N. L. 1949. Effect of hydrogen ion concentration and salt content of the medium on the development of sett roots in sugarcane. Indian Sci. Cong. Proc.36 (3): 146.
Novikoff, V. 1946. Notes sur l’utilisation des eaux salées. Ann. Serv. Bot. & Agron. Tunisie19: 139–162.
Oganesian, A. P. 1953. [On salt resistance of perennial grasses and legumes]. [In Russian]. Sovet. Agron.11 (5): 75–80.
————— 1953. [On the salt resistance of some fruit crops]. [In Russian]. Bot. Zhur. [Moskva]38: 744–751.
————— 1954. [Salt resistance of some field crops]. Pochvovedenie10: 32–41.
Ogo, Tatsuo, andSasai, Kazuo. 1955. [Studies on the saline injury on crops. I-2. The effect on the growth and on the maturity of wheat as produced by the saline water irrigation at the ear formation period]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.] Sci. Rep. Fac. Agr. Okayama Univ.6: 43–50.
Ota, K., andHayashi, H. 1956. [Studies on the salt injury to crops. IX. Effect of sodium chloride on the root development of the young wheat plant]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.]. Gifu Univ., Facul. Agr. Res. B.6: 21–27.
————— andOgo, T. 1953. [Studies on the salt injury in wheat plant. I. The influence of NaCl solutions upon the germination and the growth of seedling]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.]. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, Proc.12: 77–78.
—————, ————— andOmori, N. 1953. [The influences of NaCl solutions upon the germination in wheat]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.]. Fac. Agr. Okayama Univ., Sci. Rep.2: 28–37.
—————, ————— andSasai, K. 1955. [Studies on the saline injury on crops. IX. On the influences of the saline irrigation water upon the shape of rice kernels]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.]. Okayama Agr. Exp. Sta., Spec. Bull.51: 21–26.
-----,Yasue, T. andIwatsuku, M. 1956. [Studies on the salt injury to crops. X. Relations between the salt injury and the pollen germination in rice]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.]. Fac. Agr., Gifu Univ., Res. Bull. 7.
Pearson, G. A., andGoss, J. A. 1953. Observations on the effects of salinity and water table on young grapefruit trees. Proc. Ann. Rio Grande Valley Hort. Inst.7: 1–6.
—————, —————, andHayward, H. E. 1957. The influence of salinity and water table on the growth and mineral composition of young grapefruit trees. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.69: 197–203.
Peevy, W. J. 1944. Tolerance of rice to salt water. La. State Exp. Sta., Ann. Rep.1943–1944: 48–51.
Penfound, W., andHathaway, E. S. 1938. Plant communities in the marshland of southeastern Louisiana. Ecol. Monog.8: 1–56.
Porter, L. K., andThorne, D. W. 1955. Interrelation of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions in causing plant chlorosis. Soil Sci.79: 373–382.
Ratner, E. I. 1935. The influence of exchangeable sodium in the soil on its properties as a medium for plant growth. Soil. Sci.40: 459–471.
Ravikovitch, S., andBidner, N. 1937. The deterioration of grape-vines in saline soils. Empire Jour. Exp. Agr.5: 197–203.
Reeve, R. C., Allison, L. E. and Peterson, D. F. Jr. 1948. Reclamation of saline-alkali soils by leaching. Utah Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 335. 52 pp.
Reifenberg, A., andRosovsky, R. 1947. Saline irrigation water and its effects on the intake of ions by barley seedlings. Palestine Jour. Bot.4: 1–13.
Repp, Gertraud. 1951. Kulturpflanzen in der Salzsteppe. Bodenkultur5: 249–294.
Retzer, J. L., andMogen, C. A. 1946. The salt tolerance of guayule. Amer. Soc. Agron., Jour.38: 728–742.
Rodney, D. R., andBoswell, S. B. 1954. Sodium in lemon tree collapse; relationship of sodium content of root tissues to decline and collapse of lemon trees investigated. Calif. Agr.8 (9): 14–15.
————— andWhiting, F. L. 1956. Lemon tree collapse as related to sodium in roots. Calif. Citrograph41: 313–315, 317.
Rogers, H. T. 1947. Boron response and tolerance of several legumes to borax. Amer. Soc. Agron., Jour.39: 897–913.
Rowaan, P. A. 1948. Zout- en chloorschade bij verschillende gewassen. Maandbl. landbouwvoorl.5.6: 290–299.
Sakazaki, N., Ihara, Y., Tachibana, Y., Nagai, S. andTakada, H. 1954. Physiology ofMetasequoia glyptostroboides and related species of confiers. II. Comparative studies of salt tolerance. Jour. Inst. Polytechnics, Osaka City Univ. D. Biol.5: 67–80.
Schreiber, H. A., Davis, L. E. andOverstreet, Roy. 1957. Influence of certain adsorbed cations on radish seedling development. Soil Sci.83: 91–99.
Semergei, K. I. 1951. [Effect of exchangeable sodium in the soil on the cotton plant during a varied system of nutrition] [In Russian]. Akad. Nauk SSSR Dok.77: 867–870.
Shimose, N. 1954. [Absorption of chloride by rice plants]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.]. Jour. Sci. Soil & Manure [Japan]25: 65–68.
Shimoyama, T., andOgo, T. 1956. [Studies on the saline injury on crops. II. On the effects on the growth and the harvest of the rice plant as produced by the saline irrigation at different growing periods]. [In Japanese; Eng. sum.]. Okayama Pref, Agr. Exp. Sta., Spec. Bull.54: 21–28.
————— andSuzuki, M. 1955. [Studies of the wind- and storm-damages in the rice plant. 4. Effect of the salt carried by winds upon the fertility of the plant]. [In Japanese]. [Abs.]. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, Proc.24: 125.
Simonneau, P. 1951. Note sur la résistance au sel de quelques plantes cultivées; observations faites dans les terrains salés des plaines sublittorales d’Oranie. Fruits et Prim. Afrique Nord21: 319–322.
Singh, M. M. 1955. Epidermal characteristics of plants in relation to drought resistance. Cur. Sci.24: 240–241.
Smith, O., andNash, L. B. 1941. Potato quality III. Relation of soil reaction, irrigation, and mineral nutrition to cooking quality. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.38: 507–512.
Snyder, R. S., Kulp, M. R. Baker, G. O. and Marr, J. C. 1940. Alkali reclamation investigations. Idaho Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 233. 34 pp.
Soil Research Laboratory. 1949. Soil moisture, wind erosion and fertility of some Canadian prairie soils. Swift Current, Sask. Tech. Bull. 71, Pub. 819. 78 pp.
Stadelmann, E. 1953. Sur la plasmolyse des plantes sahariennes par des electrolytes. Israel Res. Coun., Spec. Publ.2: 332–334.
Stocker, O. 1954. Der Wasser- und Assimilationshaushalt südalgerischer Wüstenpflanzen. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges.67: 288–298.
Strogonov, B. P. 1946. On the adaptation of the cotton plant to high soil salinity. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., Compt. Rend.54: 453–456.
————— 1946. A contribution to the study of germination of cotton seeds collected from saline soil. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., Compt. Rend.54: 645–647.
————— andIvanitskaia, E. F. 1954. [Effect of soil salinity on the firmness of the cohesion of chlorophyll with chloroplast proteins in the cotton plant]. [In Russian]. Akad. Nauk SSSR Dok.98: 497–499.
—————, andIvanitskaia, E. F. 1953. [In regard to the temperature of cotton leaves in different types of soil salinity under conditions of varied water supply]. [In Russian]. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Dok.93: 179–182.
Strong, E. C. 1944. A study of calcium chloride injury to roadside trees. Mich. Quart. Bul.27: 209–224.
Takada, H. 1951. Über Tageschwankung des osmotischen Wertes in den Blättern von Strandpflanzen in ihrem Zusammenhange mit dem Chloridgehalt. Osaka City Univ., Inst. Polytech. Jour. D. Biol.2: 9–21.
—————. 1954. Ion accumulation and osmotic value of plants, with special reference to strand plants. Osaka City Univ., Inst. Polytech. Jour. D. Biol.5: 8–96.
Thorne, D. W. 1945. Growth and nutrition of tomato plants as influenced by exchangeable sodium, calcium and potassium. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.9: 185–189.
Toth, S. J. andKretschmer, A. E. 1954. Plant studies with radioactive chlorine. Soil Sci.77: 293–302.
Traaen, A. E. 1950. Injury to Norway spruce caused by calcium chloride used against dust on roads. Int. Bot. Cong., Proc.7:185–186.
Uhvits, R. 1946. Effect of osmotic pressure on water absorption and germination of alfalfa seeds. Amer. Jour. Bot.33: 278–285.
Uphof, J. C. Th. 1941. Halophytes. Bot. Rev.7: 1–58.
U. S. Salinity Lab. Staff. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Agr. Handbook 60. 160 pp.
[Various authors]. 1953. Sodium symposium. Soil Sci.76: 1–96.
Wadleigh, C. H., andAyers, A. D. 1945. Growth and biochemical composition of bean plants as conditioned by soil moisture tension and salt concentration. Plant Physiol.20: 106–132.
-----, ----- andBower, C. A. 1952. Effect of saline and alkali soil on growth of sugar beets. Proc. Amer. Soc. Sugar Beet Tech: 50–53.
————— andBrown, J. W. 1952. The chemical status of bean plants afflicted with bicarbonate-induced chlorosis. Bot. Gaz.113: 373–392.
————— andFireman, M. 1948. Salt distribution under furrow and basin irrigated cotton and its effect on water removal. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.13: 527–530.
-----,Gauch, H. G. andMagistad, O. C. 1946. Growth and rubber accumulation in guayule as conditioned by soil salinity and irrigation regime. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bull. 925. 34 pp.
—————, ————— andStrong, D. G. 1947. Root penetration and moisture extraction in saline soil by crop plants. Soil Sci.63: 341–349.
Wallace, A., Shannon, L. M., North, C. P. andMueller, R. T. 1955. Glasshouse studies on the salt tolerance and growth ofPersea floccosa as a rootstock. Calif. Avocado Soc. Yearbook39: 179–183.
Westgate, P. J. 1952. Azalea leaf tip burn. Fla. Grower60 (1): 26.
Wilhelm, S., andPyfrom, H. T. 1949. Soluble salt injury toGardenia Calif. Agr.3 (12): 5, 12.
Woodbridge, C. G. 1955. The boron requirements of stone fruit trees. Canad. Jour. Agr. Sci.35: 282–286.
Woodham, R. C. 1956. The chloride status of the irrigated Sultana vine and its relation to vine health. Austral. Jour. Agr. Res.7: 414–427.
Yankovitch, L. 1946. Recherches d’une méthode d’étude de la résistance des plantes aux chlorures. Ann. Serv. Bot. & Agron. Tunisie19: 165–177.
—————. 1948. Étude sur la résistance de certaines cultures d’été aux chlorures. Conf. Int. Pedol. Mediter., Compt. Rend.1947: 407–419.
—————. 1949. Résistance aux chlorures des plantes cultivées. Ann. Serv. Bot. & Agron. Tunisie22: 23–75.
————— andBoeuf, F. 1946. A partir de quelle teneur en NaCl une terre devient-elle salée? Compt. Rend Acad. Agr. France32: 186–190.
Zhemchuzhnikov, E. A. 1946. On salt resistance in trees and shrubs. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., Compt. Rend.51: 67–71.
Zusman, P. 1956. Toxic influences of sodium and sulphate ions on citrus seedlings. Israel Res. Council Bull.5D: 210–218.
Additional information
Contribution from the U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California in Cooperation with the 17 Western States and the Territory of Hawaii.
Director and Plant Physiologist, respectively. Acknowledgement is due Mr. Martin Derderian for translation of Russian articles.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hayward, H.E., Bernstein, L. Plant-growth relationships on salt-affected soils. Bot. Rev 24, 584–635 (1958). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872595
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872595