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Primary and secondary causes and consequences of contemporary forest decline

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Abstract

Realization that forest decline (Waldsterben) has become an ecological crisis throughout the developed world has resulted in massive research efforts to determine the causes of declines. It is now recognized that no single causal factor is responsible, but that there are a variety of anthropogenic causal factor complexes interacting with natural events and processes that, together, induce stresses in forests that culminate in declines of individual plants and of ecosystems.

It is the thesis of this article that forest declines involve all biotic and abiotic facets and parameters of forested ecosystems and that the declines are themselves new causal factor complexes that continue to affect the stability of forested ecosystems independently of the initial causal factor complexes. Lacking direct field or laboratory studies on these cascades of causes and effects, this article attempts to utilize the growing body of information on plant physiological ecology to provide a heuristic framework for evaluating long-term forest declines.

Abstrakt

Die Erkenntnis, daß das Waldsterben zu einer ökologischen Krise in der gesamten entwickelten Welt geworden ist, hat zu massiven Forschungsanstrengungen nach den Ursachen geführt. Es ist mittlerweile anerkannt, daß nicht ein einzelner verursachender Umstand verantwortlich ist, sondern, daß es sich um eine Vielzahl anthropogener Faktoren im Wechselspiel mit natürlichen Vorgängen handelt; die im Zusammenwirken Stresse in den Wäldern hervorrufen und im Niedergang einzelner Pflanzen oder ganzer Waldökosysteme ihren Ausdruck finden.

Dieser Artikel unterstüzt die These, daß das Waldsterben alle biotischen und abiotischen Facetten und Parameter eines Waldökosystems einbezieht und daß die Zerfallsprozesse selbst neue Ursachenkomplexe darstellen, die unabhängig von den ursprünglichen Ursachen, fortgesetzt die Stabilität der Waldökosysteme angreifen. Ohne direkte Feldoder Laboruntersuchungen dieser Kaskaden von Ursache und Wirkung versucht dieser Artikel die ständig wachsende Masse der Information über Pflanzen-ökologie und -physiologie zu nutzen, um ein heuristiches Gitternetz für die Auswertung der Langzeiteffekte des Waldsterbens aufzustellen.

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This review, with only minor alterations and additions, appeared in AMBIO, a publication of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 16: 86–93, 1987. The article in AMBIO did not contain references in the text to published research or a Literature Cited section.

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Klein, R.M., Perkins, T.D. Primary and secondary causes and consequences of contemporary forest decline. Bot. Rev 54, 1–43 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858517

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