Abstract
This paper outlines a multi-objective genetic algorithm methodology for the design of a water distribution network. In order to obtain the Pareto-front, the objectives: minimization of network cost and maximization of a reliability measure are considered. A new reliability measure, called network resilience, is introduced. This measure tries to provide (i) surplus head above the minimum allowable head at nodes and (ii) reliable loops with practicable pipe diameters. A set of Pareto-optimal solutions is obtained in the search space of cost and network resilience. Genetic algorithms are observed to be poor in handling constraints. To handle constraints in a better way, a constraint handling technique that does not require a penalty coefficient and applicable to water distribution systems is presented. The present model is applied to two example problems, which were widely reported. Comparison of the results has revealed that the network resilience based approach gave better results.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abebe, A.J. and Solomatine, D.P. (1998) “Application of global optimization to the design of pipe networks.” In Babovi and Larsen (Eds.),Hydroinformatics'98, Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 989–996.
Alperovits, E. and Shamir, U (1977) “Design of optimal water distribution system.”Water Resour. Res., Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 885–900.
Dandy, G.C., Simpson, A.R., and Murphy, L.J. (1996) “An improved genetic algorithm for pipe network optimization.”Water Resour. Res., Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 449–458.
Deb, K (1999) “Multi-objective genetic algorithms: Problem difficulties and construction of test problems.”J. Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 205–230.
Deb, K. (2001)Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, London.
Deb, K. and Agrawal, S. (1999) “A niched-penalty approach for constrtaint handling in genetic algorithms.”ICANNGA-99, Portoroz, Slovenia, pp. 123–135.
Duan, N., Mays, L.W., and Lansey, K.E. (1990) “Optimal reliability based design of pumping and distribution systems.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 2, pp. 249–268.
Fujiwara, O. and Khang, D.B. (1990) “A two-phase decomposition method for optimal design of looped water distribution networks.”Water Resour. Res., Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 977–982.
Gessler, J. and Walski, T.M. (1985)Water distribution system optimization, US Army corps of engineers waterways experimentation station, Technical Report TR EL-85-11, Vicksburg.
Goulter, I.C. and Bouchart, F. (1990) “Reliability constrained pipe networks model.”J Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 2, pp. 221–229.
Goulter, I.C. and Morgan, D.R. (1985) “An integrated approach to the layout and design of water distribution networks.”Civ. Engrg. Sys., Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 104–113.
Halhal, D., Walters, G.A., Ouzar, D., and Savic, D.A. (1997) “Water network rehabilitation with structured messy genetic algorithm.”J. Water Resour. Plng. and Mgmt., ASCE, Vol. 123, No. 3, pp. 137–147.
Hans, A.E. (1988) “Multicriteria optimization for highly accurate systems.”Mathematical Concepts and Methods in Science and Engineering, Multicriteria Optimization in Engineering and Science, E. Stadler (Ed.), New York: Plenum press, pp. 309–352.
Mays, L.W. (1996) “Review of reliability analysis of water distribution systems.”Stochastic Hydraulics' 96, In Tikle, Goulter, Xu, Wasimi, and Bouchart (Eds.), Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 53–62.
Quindry, G.E., Brill, E.D., and Liebman, J.C. (1981) “Optimization of looped water distribution systems.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 107, No. 4, pp. 665–679.
Savic, D. and Walters, G. (1997) “Genetic algorithms for least cost design of water distribution network.”J. Water Resour. Plng. and Mgmt., ASCE, Vol. 123, No. 2, pp. 67–77.
Simpson, A.R., Dandy, G.C., and Murphy, L.J. (1994) “Genetic algorithms compared to other techniques for pipeoptimization.”J. Water Resour. Plng. and Mgmt., ASCE, Vol. 120, No. 4, pp. 423–443.
Srinivas, N. and Deb, K. (1994) “Multi-objective function optimization using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms.”Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 221–248.
Stanic, M., Avakumovic, D., and Kapelan, Z. (1998) “Evolutionary algorithm for determining optimal layout of water distribution networks.”Hydroinformatics'98, In Bavovi and Larsen (Eds.), Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 901–908.
Todini, E. (2000) “Looped water distribution networks design using a resilience index based heuristic approach.”Urban Water, Elsevier Pubs., Vol. 2, pp. 115–122.
Tolson, B.A., Maier, Holger R., and Simpson, A.R. (2001) “Water distribution network reliability estimation using the first-order reliability method.”World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, May 20–24, Florida [CD-ROM].
Vairavamoorthy, K. and Ali, M. (2000) “Optimal design of water distribution systems using genetic algorithms.”Comp. Aided Civ. And Infstr. Engrg., Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 374–382.
Walski, T.M. (2001) “Editorial note: The wrong paradigm-why water distribution optimization doesnt' work.”J. Water Resour. Plng. and Mgmt., ASCE, Vol. 127, No. 4, pp. 203–205.
Walski, T.M. and Gessler, J. (1999) “Discussion of the paper “Improved design of ‘Anytown’ distribution network using structured messy genetic algorithms.”Urban Water, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 265–268.
Walters, G.A., Halhal, D., Savic, D.A., and Ouzar, D. (1999) “Improved design of ‘Anytown’ distribution network using structured messy genetic algorithms.”Urban Water, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23–38.
Wu, Z.Y, Walski, T., Mankowski, R., Cook, Herrin G., Tryby, M., and W. Hartell (2002) “Optimal capacity design of water distribution systems.”in Proceeding of 1 st Annual Environmental and Water Resources Systems Analysis (EWRSA) Symposium, May 19–22, Roanoke, VA.
Xu, C. and Goulter, I.C. (1998) “Probabilistic model for water distribution reliability.”J. Water Resour. Plng. and Mgmt., ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 4, pp. 218–228.
Xu, C. and Goulter, I.C. (1999) “Reliability-based optimal design of water distribution networks.”J. Water Resour. Plng. and Mgmt., ASCE, Vol. 125, No. 6, pp. 352–362.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review on December 10, 2002.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prasad, T.D., Hong, SH. & Park, N. Reliability based design of water distribution networks using multi-objective genetic algorithms. KSCE J Civ Eng 7, 351–361 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02831784
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02831784