Skip to main content
Log in

An energy shift between the fusion barrier and interaction barrier in heavy nuclear systems

  • Published:
Il Nuovo Cimento A (1965-1970)

Summary

The mass asymmetry influence upon the extra energy ΔB=B fusB int has been investigated in nuclear systems withZ i+Z t≥100. This was achieved by the experimental measurement of the production cross-sections for244Fm and several nuclides withZ=104÷108 via complete fusion reactions with bombarding ions ranging from50Ti to76Ge. The method has been developed to derive the ΔB values from the maximum cross-sections of the «cross-reactions» (HI; 1n, 2n). The empirical ΔB values derived in the present work are compared with liquid-drop model predictions. The latter model appears to explain only qualitatively the onset of the dynamical hindrance to the fusion process in heavy systems, which leads to the extra energy ΔB over the interaction barrier required for the system to reach fusion. This result agrees with the data analysis carried out in other works and indicates, probably, a significant influence of nuclear structural effects upon «cold fusion» dynamics and on the ΔB values. Although nuclear structural effects favour the use of Pb-like targets for «cold fusion», a steep increase in the empirical ΔB values for heavier systems sets the limit for the «cold» synthesis method atZ=110. In addition, an analysis involving more detailed (though fragmentary) data on (HI, 1n, 2n) excitation functions shown not only an extra energy increase but also a monotonic enhancement of sub-barrier fusion for the heavier systems like HI+Pb. The data on highly fissionable heavy systems, obtained in the present work, serve as a test for the currently developed theoretical models of the nuclear fusion process.

Riassunto

Si è studiata l'influenza dell'asimmetria della massa sull'energia extra ΔB=B fusB int in sistemi nucleari conZ i+Z t>100. Ciò è stato ottenuto misurando sperimentalmente delle sezioni d'urto di produzione per il244Fm e parecchi nuclidi conZ=104÷108 via reazioni di fusione complete con ioni bombardanti che si estendono dal50Ti al76Ge. Si è sviluppato il metodo per dedurre i valori ΔB dalle sezioni d'urto massime delle “sezioni d'urto» (HI; 1n, 2n). Si confrontano i valori empirici ΔB dedotti nell'attuale lavoro con le previsioni del modello a goccia di liquido. Questo modello sembra spiegare solo qualitativamente l'insorgenza dell'impedimento dinamico nel processo di fusione in sistemi pesanti, il che porta ad un'energia extra ΔB sulla barriera d'interazione richiesta perché il sistema raggiunga la fusione. Questo risultato è in accordo con l'analisi dei dati svolta in altri lavori e indica, probabilmente, un'influenza significativa degli effetti di struttura nucleari sulla dinamica della «fusione fredda» e sui valori ΔB. benché gli effetti di struttura nucleare favoriscano l'uso di bersagli simili a Pb per la «fusione fredda», un eccessivo aumento nei valori empirici ΔB per sistemi più pesanti pone il limite per il metodo di sintesi «fredda» aZ=110. Inoltre, un'analisi che coinvolge dati più dettagliati (benché frammentari) sulle funzioni di eccitazione (HI, 1n, 2n) mostra non solo un aumento di energia extra, ma anche un aumento monotonico di fusione della sub-barriera per sistemi più pesanti come HI+Pb. I dati riguardanti sistemi pesanti altamente fissionabili, ottenuti nell'attuale lavoro, servono come test per i modelli teorici attualmente sviluppati del processo di fusione nucleare.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  1. G. N. Flerov:Conference on Nuclear Physics, Florence (Italy), Vol.2 (1983), p. 365.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Yu. Ts. Oganessian:International School-Seminar on Heavy Ion Physics, JINR, D7-83-644 (Dubna, 1983), p. 55;P. Armbruster:Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci.,35, 135 (1985).

  3. Yu. Ts. Oganessian, M. Hussonnois, A. G. Demin, Yu. P. Kharitinov, H. Bruchertseifer, O. Constantinescu, Yu. S. Korotkin, S. P. Tretyakova, V. K. Utyonkov, I. V. Shirokovsky andJ. Estevez:Radiochim. Acta,37, 113 (1984).

  4. A. S. Iljinov andE. A. Cherepanov: preprint INR, P-0090, Moskow, 1978.

  5. A. S. Iljinov, Yu. Ts. Oganessian andE. A. Cherepanov:Yad. Fiz.,36, 118 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. J. Swiatecki: inProceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Reactions Induced by Heavy Ions (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1970), p. 729.

    Google Scholar 

  7. J. R. Nix andA. J. Sierk: preprint LA-UR-84-4008 (Los-Alamos, 1984).

  8. P. Frobrich:Phys. Rep.,116, 338 (1984);R. Schmidt:Z. Phys. A,325, 239 (1986);G. Royer andB. Remaud:Nucl. Phys. A,449, 477 (1985).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. A. S. Iljinov andE. A. Cherepanov: JINR H7-84-68 (Dubna, 1984).

  10. Yu. Ts. Oganessian, A. S. Iljinov, A. G. Demin andS. P. Tretyakova:Nucl. Phys. A,239, 353 (1975).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. H. Gaggeler, T. Sikkeland, G. Wirth, W. Pruchle, W. Bogl, G. Franz, G. Herrmann, J. V. Kratz, M. Schadel, K. Summerer andW. Weber:Z. Phys. A,316, 291 (1984).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al.: inProceedings of the Symposium on Physics and Chemistry of Fission, Julich 1979, Vol. 1, p. 217.

  13. F. P. Hessberger, Y. K. Agarwal, P. Armbruster, A. Ghiorso, S. Hofmann, M. Leino, G. Munzenberg, K. Poppensieker, W. Reisdorf, K.-H. Schmidt, J. R. H. Schneider, W. F. W. Schneider andD. Vermeulen: GSI-Scientific Report 1983 (Darmstadt, 1984), p. 77.

  14. G. N. Flerov, Yu. Ts. Oganessian, A. A. Pleve, N. V. Pronin andYu. P. Tretyakov:Nucl. Phys. A,267, 359 (1976).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. F. P. Hessberger, G. Munzenberg, S. Hofmann, W. Reisdorf, K. H. Schmidt, H. J. Schott, P. Armbruster, R. Hingmann, B. Thuma andD. Vermeulen:Z. Phys. A,321, 317 (1985).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Yu. Ts. Oganessian, A. G. Demin, N. A. Danilov, M. P. Ivanov, A. S. Iljinov, N. N. Kolesnikov, B. N. Markov, V. M. Plotko, S. P. Tretyakova andG. N. Flerov:Nucl. Phys. A,373, 305 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  17. A. G. Demin, S. P. Tretyakova, V. K. Utyonkov andI. V. Shirokovsky:Z. Phys. A,315, 197 (1984).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. G. Munzenberg, S. Hofmann, H. Folger, F. P. Hessberger, J. Keller, K. Poppensieker, B. Quint, W. Reisdorf, K.-H. Schmidt, H. J. Schott, P. Armbruster, M. E. Leino, R. Hingmann:Z. Phys. A,322, 227 (1985).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. G. Munzenberg, P. Armbruster, G. Berthes, H. Folger, F. P. Hessberger, S. Hofmann, K. Poppensieker, W. Reisdorf, K.-H. Schmidt, H.-J. Schott, K. Summerer, I. Zychor, M. E. Leino, V. Gollerthan andE. Hanelt:Z. Phys. A,324, 489 (1986).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. G. Munzenberg, S. Hofmann, F. P. Hessberger, K.-H. Schmidt, G. Berthes, H. Folger, H. Geissel, J. G. Keller, P. Lemmertz, M. Montoya, K. Poppensieker, B. Quint, H.-J. Schott, I. Zychor, P. Armbruster, M. E. Leino andU. Gollerthan: GSI Scientific Report 1985, GSI-86-1 (Darmstadt, 1986), p. 31.

  21. G. Munzenberg, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, F. P. Hessberger, S. Hofmann, J. Keller, K. Poppensieker, W. Reisdorf, K.-H. Schmidt, H.-J. Schott, M. E. Leino andR. Hingmann:Z. Phys. A 317, 235 (1984).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. G. Munzenberg, W. Reisdorf, S. Hofmann, Y. K. Agarwal, F. P. Hessberger, K. Poppensieker, J. R. H. Schneider, W. F. W. Schneider, K.-H. Schmidt, H. J. Schott, P. Armbruster, C.-C. Sahm andD. Vermeulen:Z. Phys. A.,315, 145 (1984).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Yu. Ts. Oganessian, A. G. Demin, S. P. Tretyakova, V. K. Utyonkov, I. V. Shirokovsky andG. N. Ivanov: inInternational School-Seminar on Heavy Ion Physics, JINR, D7-86-434 (Dubna, 1986), p. 14.

  24. G. Munzenberg, F. P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, S. Hofmann, K.-H. Schmidt, G. Berthes, H. Folder, H. Geissel, J. G. Keller, P. Lemmertz, M. Montoya, K. Poppensieker, B. Quint, H.-J. Schott, I. Zychor, M. e. Leino andU. Gollerthan: GSI Scientific Report 1985, GSI-86-1 (Darmstadt, 1986), p. 29.

  25. E. A. Cherpanov, A. S. Iljinov andM. V. Mebel:J. Phys. G,11, 1103 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  26. C.-C. Sahm, H.-G. Clerc, K.-H. Schmidt, W. Reisdorf, P. Armbruster, F. P. Hessberger, J. G. Keller, G. Munzenberg andD. Vermeulen:Nucl. Phys. A,441, 316 (1985).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. C.-C. Sahm, H.-G. Clerk, K.-H. Schmidt, W. Reisdorf, P. Armbruster, F. P. Hessberger, J. G. Keller, G. Munzenberg andD. Vermeulen:Z. Phys. A,319, 113 (1984).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. G. Keller, K. H. Schmidt, F. P. Hessberger, G. Munzenberg, W. Reisdorf, H.-G. Clerc andC.-C. Sahm: preprint GSI-85-36 (Darmstadt, 1985).

  29. W. Reisdorf: preprint GSI-86-32 (Darmstadt, 1986).

  30. R. Bass:Proceedings of the Symposium on Deep Inelastic and Fusion Reactions with Heavy Ions, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol.117 (1980), p. 281.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. W. J. Swiatecki:Nucl. Phys. A,376, 275 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. R. Bass:Nuclear Reactions With Heavy Ions (Springer-Verlag, 1980).

  33. J. R. Nix andA. J. Sierk: preprint LA-UR-87-113 (Los-Alamos, 1987).

  34. S. Bjornholm andW. J. Swiatecki:Nucl. Phys. A,391, 471 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. J. P. Blocki, H. Feldmeier andW. J. Swiatecki:Nucl. Phys. A,459, 145 (1986).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. P. Armbruster, F. P. Hessberger, S. Hofmann, G. Munzenberg andK.-H. Schmidt: GSI Scientific Report 1985, GSI-86-1 (Darmstadt, 1986), p. 52.

  37. P. Armbruster: GSI-Nachrichten 02-87 (Darmstadt, 1987), p. 7.

  38. L. C. Vaz andJ. A. Alexander:Phys. Rep.,69, 373 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. G. Munzenberg, S. Hofmann, F. P. Hessberger, W. Reisdorf, K. H. Schmidt, W. Faust, P. Armbruster, K. Guttner, B. Thuma, D. Vermeulen andC.-C. Sahm:Proceedings of the IV International Conference on Nuclei far From Stability. Helsingor 8–13 June, 1981, Vol.2, p. 755, CERN 81-09 (Geneva, 1981).

  40. R. A. Broglia:Nucl. Phys. A,409, 163 (1983).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Traduzione a cura della Redazione.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Iljinov, A.S., Oganessian, Y.T., Cherepanov, E.A. et al. An energy shift between the fusion barrier and interaction barrier in heavy nuclear systems. Nuov Cim A 101, 225–240 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02813994

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02813994

PACS 25.70

Navigation