Skip to main content
Log in

Source of the Schwarzschild field

  • Published:
Il Nuovo Cimento (1955-1965)

Summary

An analysis is given of the fundamental question raised by Wheeler as to whether the Schwarzschild field, in the absence of a, finite interior solution, may be regarded as describing an everywhere empty space-time manifold. A model is constructed with a finite source tensor (the « island model »), and it is shown that one obtains a deltafunction point mass source tensor for the Schwarzschild field as a limiting case. It is also shown using Einstein’s pseudotensor that there is a contribution to the total energy of the Schwarzschild field that is not due to gravitational energy. In the course of the analysis, a subtraction formalism for handling gravitational energy divergences in polar co-ordinates is also developed. It is concluded that a source-free interpretation of the Schwarzschild field is not possible. A critique of the point mass is also given, and also an interpretation of the divergences as « gauge-jumps ».

Riassunto

Si analizza la questione della sorgente del campo di Schwarzschild in assenza d’una sorgente interna finita. Storicamente, questo campo è considerato come la soluzione delle equazioni di Einstein di una massa puntiforme, ma nell’interpretazione di Wheeler, c’è la soluzione dello spazio-tempo vuoto. Si esaminano le interpretazioni in contrasto dei due metodi. Primo, si costruisce un modello in oui si deriva la soluzione di Schwarzschild come limite di una soluzione con sorgente di massa distribuita. Secondo, si dimostra per mezzo del pseudotensore di Einstein che si trova un contributo all’energia totale non gravitazionale. Si fà questo calcolo nelle coordinate quasi rettangolari, e con un nuovo formalismo di sottrazione, nelle coordinate polari sferiche e nelle coordinate sotermiche non statiche. Si dimostra che è possibile eliminare in modo coerente le divergenze nelle coordinate polari. Si conclude che non è possibile considerare il campo di Schwarzschild come lo spazio-tempo vuoto. Si espone uno studio critico della massa puntiforme e anche un’interpretazione delle divergenze come « salti di gauge ».

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. F. R. Tangherlini:Phys. Rev. Lett.,6, 147 (1961).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. J. A. Wheeler:Geometrodynamics (New York, 1962);Rev. Mod. Phys.,3, 63 (1961).

  3. F. R. Tangherlini:Nuovo Cimento,25, 1081 (1962).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. L. Flamm:Phys. Zeits.,17, 448 (1916).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. E. Schrödinger:Phys. Zeits.,19, 4 (1918); G. NordströmProc. Amst. Acad. Sci.,20, 1230 (1918). For comments see A. Einstein:Phys. Zeits.,19, 115 (1918); J. N. Goldberg:Phys. Rev.,111, 315 (1958).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. F. B. Tangherlini:Nuovo Cimento,26, 497 (1962).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. E. W. Fuller andJ. A. Wheeler:Phys. Rev.,128, 919 (1963).

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. H. Zatzkis:Phys. Rev.,35, 875 (1951).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. P. von Freud:Ann. Math.,40, 417 (1939).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. This is essentially Laue’s theorem, for recent applications and discussions seeC. MØller:Ann. Phys.,12, 118 (1961); F. R. Tangherlini:Am. Journ. Phys.,31, 285 (1963). For brevity we. have referred to the integral of the trace of the spatial stresses as the self-stress, since for a spherically symmetric system they are proportional, to each other.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Papapetrou:Proc. Roy. Irish, Acad.,51, 191 (1947);Phys. Rev.,73, 1105 (1948). In the latter reference, it is shown how the Serini, Einstein, Pauli theorem, follows as a simple consequence of the identity. The theorem states that there is no static, or stationary singularity-free solution to RΜv=0, which goes over asymptotically into the Schwarzschild solution. The original references are E. Serini:Atti Accad. Lincei (5),27, 235 (1918); A. Einstein: Revista (Univ. Nac. Tucuman), A2, 11 (1941); A. Einstein and W. Pauli:Ann. Math.,44, 131 (1943) ; A. Ltchnerowicz : Compt.Rend.,222, 432 (1946). See also W. Pauli:Theory of Relativity (London, 1958), note 18, p. 219.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. E. T. Whittaker:Proc. Roy. Soc. (London),A 149, 384 (1935).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. G. Tolman:Phys. Rev.,35, 875 (1930).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. H. Bauer:Phys. Zeits.,19, 163 (1918).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. C. MØller:Ann. Phys.,4, 347 (1958);Phys. Lett.,3, 329 (1963). J. Weber:General Relativity and Gravitational Waves (New York, 1961), p. 79. J. N. Goldberg:Phys. Rev.,131, 1367 (1963). Our present discussion is restricted to Schwarzschild-like solutions, but we shall treat other types of solutions in a sub- sequent article.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Einstein andN. Rosen:,Phys. Rev.,48, 73 (1935).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Kruskal:Phys. Rev.,119, 1743 (1960); see also C. Frondsal:Phys. Rev.,116, 778 (1959).

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. F. R. Tangherlini:Nuovo Cimento,27, 636 (1963).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. P. A. M. Dirac:Proc. Roy. Soc. (London),270 A, 354 (1962).

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. The infinity of these subgroups of course underlies Bergmann’s theorem on the existence of an infinite number of conservation laws in general relativity, seeP. G. Bergmann:Phys. Rev.,112, 287 (1958); see also A. Teautman: op. cit., p. 175.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tangherlini, F.R. Source of the Schwarzschild field. Nuovo Cim 38, 153–174 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02750446

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02750446

Navigation