Summary
We show that for a wide class of Lagrangians which depend only on the scalar curvature of a metric and a connection, the application of the first-order formalism,i.e. treating the metric and the connection as independent variables, leads to «universal» equations. If the dimensionn of space-time is greater than two, these universal equations are Einstein equations for a generic Lagrangian. There are exceptional cases where a bifurcation appears. In particular, bifurcations take place for conformally invariant LagrangiansL =R(sun/2)√g. For 2-dimensional space-time we obtain that the universal equation is the equation of constant scalar curvature; the connection in this case is a Weyl connection, containing the Levi-Civita connection of the metric and an additional vector field.
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Ferraris, M., Francaviglia, M. & Volovich, I. Universal gravitational equations. Nuov Cim B 108, 1313–1317 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02741283
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02741283