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On the structure of balance equations and extended field theories of mechanics

О структруре уравнений баланса и обобщенные полевые теории механики

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Il Nuovo Cimento B (1971-1996)

Summary

A new approach to thermodynamics has been proposed recently, in which, in addition to the densities of mass, momentum and energy, the densities of momentum flux and energy flux are also taken as independent state variables. Extra equations of balance motivated by the moment equations of the kinetic theory are postulated. In this paper, we explore the general structure of the moment equations and formulate extended field theories based on these equations together with very simple types of constitutive equations. The resulting field equations form a system of first-order quasi-linear partial differential equations. For the extended field theories, the diversity of material models is no longer characterized by the constitutive equations alone, rather it is also characterized by the choice of the system of balance equations.

Riassunto

Si è proposto recentemente un nuovo approccio nel quale, oltre alle densità di massa, impulso e energia, anche le densità del flusso dell'impulso e del flusso di energia sono considerate come variabili di stato indipendenti. Si postulano equazioni extra di bilanciamento motivate dalle equazioni d'impulso della teoria cinetica. In questo lavoro si studia la struttura generale delle equazioni d'impulso e si formulano teorie di campo estese basate su queste equazioni insieme con tipi molto semplici di equazioni componenti. Le equazioni di campo risultanti formano un sistema di equazioni differenziali parziali di prim'ordine quasi lineari. Per le teorie di campo estese, la diversità di modelli di materiale non è piú caratterizzata solo dalle equazioni componenti, piuttosto è caratterizzata anche dalla scelta del sistema di equazioni di bilanciamento.

Резюме

Недавно был предложен новый подход, в котором помимо плотностей массы, импульса и энергии в качестве независимых переменных рассматриваются плотности потока импульса и потока энергии. Постулируются дополнительные уравнения баланса, основанные на уравнениях моментов кинетической теории. В этой статье мы исследуем общую структуру уравнений моментов и формулируем обобщенные полевые теории, основанные на этих уравнениях и простых формах конститутивных уравнений. Результирующие уравнения поля образуют систему квази-линейных дифференциальных уравнений первого порядка в частных производных. Для обобщенных полевых теорий разнообразие материальных моделей уже не характеризуется только конститутивными уравнениями, а характеризуется также выбором системы уравнений баланса.

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Liu, IS. On the structure of balance equations and extended field theories of mechanics. Nuov Cim B 92, 121–141 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02732642

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