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Four-dimensional symmetry from a broad viewpoint.

VIII.– Fuzzy quantum mechanics and evolutionary laws of physics

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Il Nuovo Cimento B (1971-1996)

Summary

A new theory is formulated by requiring that the welldefined probability concept be introduced throughout the quantummechanical framework. As a result, both the co-ordinateq and the momentump have neither eigenvalues nor unnormalizable eigenfunctions, and both of them become fuzzy dynamical variables. A physical point particle such as the electron can be pictured as a fuzzy point, in the sense of Zadeh's fuzzy-set theory, rather than the usual point. We obtain a fuzzy-uncertainty relation:R/2 ≲ †q jS/2,J/S ≲ †P kJ/R, †q jp k ≳ ≳J/2 forj=k and †q jp kJR/2S forj≠k, whereS is a very largecosmic-length scale andR is a very small radical length. There emerges a new world picture of fuzzy point particles and finite universe. In view of the expansion of the Universe, it appears natural that the cosmic scaleS should increase as the Universe expands. From such a viewpoint of fuzzy quantum mechanics, the laws of physics are, in general, evolutionary and changing as the Universe ages. Perhaps one has the exact four-dimensional symmetry in physics only in the limitS→∞. The expanding de Sitter universe with the maximum four-dimensional symmetry and a common time is also discussed.

Riassunto

Si formula una nuova teoria esigendo che il ben definito concetto di probabilità sia introdotto in ogni punto del contesto quantomeccanico. Come risultato, sia la coordinataq che l'impulsop non hanno nè autovalori nè autofunzioni non normalizzabili, ed entrambi diventano variabili dinamici indistinte. Una particella fisica puntiforme come l'elettrone può essere descritta come un punto sfuocato, nel senso della teoria del gruppo indistinto di Zadeh, piuttosto che il solito punto. Si ottiene una relazione d'indeterminazione sfuocata:R/2 ≲ †q jS/2,J/S ≲ †p kJ/R, †p ip kJ/2 perj=k e †q ip kJR/2S perj≠k, doveS è una scala a lunghezza cosmica molto grande eR è una lunghezza radicale molto piccola. Ne emerge una nuova descrizione del mondo di particelle puntiformi e universo finito. Considerando l'espansione dell'Universo, appare naturale che la scala cosmicaS aumenti quando l'Universo si espande. Da tale punto di vista della meccanica quantistica sfuocata, le leggi della fisica sono, in generale, in evoluzione e cambiano con l'età dell'Universo. Forse c'è una simmetria quadridimensionale in fisica solo nel limiteS→∞. Si discute anche l'universo di de Sitter in espansione con simmetria quadridimensionale massima e un tempo comune.

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Work supported in part by Southeastern Massachusetts University (permanent address).

Traduzione a cura della Redazione.

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Hsu, J.P. Four-dimensional symmetry from a broad viewpoint.. Nuov Cim B 89, 14–29 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02728501

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