Abstract
The crystalline properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) and its copolymer films, prepared from the solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) evaporation at different temperatures and subsequent slow cooling to ambient temperature, were investigated by using polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffractometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results can provide helpful data for determining the optimal processing conditions of PVdFs as the polymer binder materials in making the electrodes of rechargeable lithium batteries. The morphology analysis gives useful information that the residual solvent remaining after the evaporation shows distinguishable amounts with respect to the temperature regions dividing by the crystallization (Tc) and melting (Tm) points of original PVdF samples. It is also proved that smallest spherulitic state coexisting with dominant α- and minor γ-phase crystals, simultaneously showing the lowest heat of fusion (e.g., the lowest crystallinity), can be obtained when the solvent is evaporated at a temperature between Tc andT m. Letting the minor γ-phase crystals exist by controlling the evaporation temperature like this can be one of the best drying (evaporation) conditions of PVdF-containing slurry in lithium rechargeable battery system.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Raheil, I. A. and Qudah, A. M., “Thennal Behavior and Annealing of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)”,Polym. Intern.,41, 323 (1996).
Benedetti, E., Catanorchi, S., D'Alessio, A., Moggi, G., Vergamini, P., Pracella, M. and CiardelH, F., “FTIR Microspectroscopy and DSC Studies of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)”,Polym. Intern.,41, 35 (1996).
Bodhane, S. P. and Shirodkar, V. S., “Change in Crystaffinity of Poly (vinylidene fluoride) Due to Thermal Evaporation”.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,64, 225 (1997).
Eriguchi, T., Kamiya, H. and Endo, E. (Asahi Glass Co.), Jpn. Patent 1999-354163 (disclosed) (1999).
Gregorio., Jr R. and Cestari, M., “Effect of Crystallization Temperature on the Crystalline Phase Content and Morphology of Poly (vinylidene fluoride)”,J. Polym. Sci. PartB: Polym. Phys.,32, 859 (1994).
Gregorio., Jr R. and Ueno, E. M., “Effect of Crystalline Phase, Orienta-tion and Temperature on the Dielectric Properties of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)”,J. Mater. Sci.,34, 4489 (1999).
Ito, S., Murata, T., Hasegawa, M., Bito, Y. and Toyoguchi, Y. (Matsush-ita Electric Co.), US Patent 5629109 (1997).
Itou, T., Teraji, K., Yoshinaga, N., Harada, S., Neguro, K. and Mori, K. (Sanyo Electric Co.), US Patent 5380606 (1995).
Kita, F., Higashiguchi, M., Murakami, K. and Kawakami, A. (Hitachi Maxell Ltd.), US Patent 5691084 (1997).
Koschmieder, E. L., “Bénard Cells and Taylor Vortices”, Cambridge University Press (1993).
Laroche, G, Lafrance, C.-P, Prud'homme, R. E. and Guidoin, R, “Iden-tification and Quantification of the Crystalline Structures of Poly (vinylidene fluoride) Sutures by Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering and Differential Scanning Calorimetry”,J. Biomed. Mater. Res.,39, 184 (1998).
Lovinger, A. J., “Crystallization and Morphology of Melt-Solidified Poly(vinylidene fluoride)”,J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed.,18, 793 (1980).
Lovinger, A. J., “Poly(vinylidene fluoride)”, Developments in Crystalline Polymers, Basset, D. C., ed., Vol. 1. Applied Science Pub., Chap.5 (1981).
Mal, S. and Nandi, A. K., “A Thermodynamic Study on the Thermore-versible Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Gels in Acetophenone, Ethyl Ben-zoate, and Glyceryl Tributyrate”,Langmuir,14, 2238 (1998).
Marand, H. L., Stein, R S. and Stack, G. M., “Isothermal Crystalliza-tion of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) in the Presence of High Static Elec-tric Field. I. Primary Nucleation Phenomenon”,J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys.,26, 1361 (1988).
Omaru, A., Nagamine, M. and Nakajima, N. (Sony Corp.), US Patent 5451477 (1995).
Prest.,, Jr W. M. and Luca, D. J., “The Formation of the γ Phase from the α and Β Polymorphs of Polyvinylidene Fluoride”,J. Appl. Phys.,49, 5042 (1978).
Rosenberg, Y., Sigmann, A., Narkis, M. and Shkolnik, S., “The Sol/Gel Contribution to the Behavior of γ-Irradiated Poly(vinylidene fluo-ride)”,J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,43, 535 (1991).
Sajkiewicz, P., “Crystallization Behavior of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)”,Em. Polym. J.,35, 1581 (1999).
Sato, Y., Wada, R., Tazaki, M. and Okabe, M., “Gelation Process of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Cyclohexane Solution”,Nihon Kagaku Kaishi, 481(1998).
Sugawara, S., “Polymer Binder in Lithium-ion Rechargeable Battery,' Advanced Technologies for Polymer Battery, Oyama, N., ed., CMC Press, Chap.6 (1998).
Tazaki, M., Wada, R., Okabe, M. and Homma, T., “Crystallization and Gelation of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) in Organic Solvents”,J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,65, 1517 (1997).
Voice, A. M., Davies, G R. and Ward, I. M., “Structure of Polyvinyli-dene fluoride) Gel Electrolytes”,Polym. Gels Networks,5, 123 (1997).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, K.M., Jeon, W.S., Park, NG. et al. Effect of evaporation temperature on the crystalline properties of solution-cast films of poly(vinylidene fluoride)s. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 20, 934–941 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02697302
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02697302