Summary
Producing synthetic seed of carrot consists of coating in-vitro grown embryos with a synthetic seed coat such as Polyox WSR-N 750, drying under controlled conditions, and hardening to prevent precocious germination. Survival of such embryos declines over time. Similar procedures have also been used with celery. Somatic embryos have several advantages compared to conventional tissue culture which include proliferacy, singulation, and the development of bipolar structures. The factors which most limit the use of synthetic seeds are the inability to use such procedures with economically important genotypes, lack of understanding of the maturation of somatic embryos and poor conversion rates to greenhouse and/or field.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ammirato, P. V.: The effect of abscisic acid on the development of somatic embryos from cells of caraway (Carum carvi L.). Bot. Gaz. 135:328–337; 1974.
Drew, R. K. L.: The development of carrot (Daucus carota L.) embryoids (derived from cell suspension culture) into plantlets on a sugar-free basal medium. Hort. Res. 19:79–84; 1979.
Drew, R. K. L.: A cheap, simple apparatus for growing large batches of plant tissue in submerged liquid culture. Plant Sci. Lett. 17:227–236; 1980.
Gray, D. J.: Senescence in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous somatic embryos induced by desiccation. HortScience 21(Abstr.):820; 1986.
Gray, D. J.; Conger, B. V.; Songstad, D. D.: Desiccated quiscent somatic embryos of orchard grass for use as synthetic seeds. In Vitro 23:29–33; 1987.
Gupta, P. K.; Durzan, D. J.: Biotechnology of somatic polyembryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in loblolly pine. Biotechnology 5:147–151; 1987.
Irving, R. M.: Characterization and role of an endogenous inhibitor in the induction of cold hardiness inAcer negundo. Plant Physiol. 44:801–805; 1960.
Jones, L. H.: Long term survival of embryoids of carrot, (Daucus carota L.). Plant Sci. Lett. 2:221–224; 1974.
Kamada, H.; Harada, H.: Changes in the endogenous level and effects of abscisic acid during somatic embryogenesis ofDaucus carota L. Plant Cell Physiol. 22:1423–1429; 1981.
Kim, Y.-H.; Janick, J.: ABA and Polyox-encapsulation or high humidity increase survival of desiccated somatic embryos of celery. HortScience 24:674–676; 1989.
Kitto, S. L.; Janick, J.: A citrus embryo assay to screen water-soluble resins as synthetic seed coats. HortScience 20:98–100; 1985a.
Kitto, S. L.; Janick, J.: Production of synthetic seeds by encapsulating asexual embryos of carrot. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:227–282; 1985b.
Kitto, S. L.; Janick, J.: Hardening treatment increased survival of synthetically-coated asexual embryos of carrot. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:283–286; 1985c.
Krikorian, A. D.; Berquam, D. L.: Plant cell and tissue cultures: the role of Haberlandt. Bot. Rev. 35:58–88; 1969.
Murashige, T. 1978. The impact of plant tissue culture on agriculture, pp. 15–26. In: Thorpe, T. A., ed. Frontiers of Plant Tissue Culture. Calgary, Canada: Calgary Univ. Press.
Nitzsche, W.: Erhaltung der Labesfahigkeit in Getrocknetem Kallus (Conversion of viability in dried callus). Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 87:469–472; 1978.
Nitzsche, W.: One year storage of dried carrot callus. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 100:269–271; 1980.
Redenbaugh, K.; Nichol, J.; Kossler, M. E., et al. Encapsulation of somatic embryos for artificial seed production. In Vitro 20:256–257; 1984.
Redenbaugh, K.; Paasch, B. D.; Nichol, J. W., et al. Somatic embryos: encapsulation of asexual plant embryos. Biotechnology 4:797–801; 1986.
Rikin, A.; Waldman, M.; Richmond, A. E., et al. Hormonal regulation of morphogenesis and cold-resistance. J. Expt. Bot. 26:175–183; 1975.
Spencer, T. M.; Kitto, S. L. Measurement of endogenous ABA levels in chilled somatic embryos of carrot by immunoassay. Plant Cell Reports. (In press), 1988.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Plant Editor’s note: Proceedings from a special symposium entitled “Synthetic Seeds” presented at the 39th annual meeting of the Tissue Culture Association, Las Vegas, Nevada on June 16, 1988. Associate Editor Keith Redenbaugh organized the symposium and handled reviews of the manuscripts.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Janick, J., Kitto, S.L. & Kim, YH. Production of synthetic seed by desiccation and encapsulation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 25, 1167–1172 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02621269
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02621269