Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Plant waxes

  • Published:
Lipids

Abstract

The surface of plants is covered with a complex mixture of lipids, often in crystalline form, called plant waxes. The chemistry, biosynthesis, catabolism and function of plant waxes are reviewed. The most common components are hydrocarbons, wax esters, free fatty alcohols and acids. Ketones, secondary alcohols, diols, aldehydes, terpenes and flavones are also found. The major function of the wax appears to be protection of the organism from water loss and other hazards of the environment. The alkanes are formed from fatty acids either by elongation followed by decarboxylation or by head-to-head condensation between two biochemically dissimilar fatty acids followed by specific decarboxylation of one of them. Fatty acyl-CoA is reduced to the aldehyde which in turn is reduced to the alcohol. The alcohol is then esterified with acyl moieties from acyl-CoA or phospholipids. Plant waxes undergo very little catabolism in plants but animals can degrade them to a limited extent and microorganisms readily degrade them.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. DeBary, A., Botan. Z. 29:129–155; 605–619 (1871).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Schieferstein, R. H., and W. E. Loomis, Plant Physiol. 31:240–247 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Juniper, B. E., Endeavour 18:20–25 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Hall, D. M., and L. A. Donaldson, Nature 194:1196 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Hallum, N. D., Australian J. Biol. Sci. 17:587–590 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Juniper, B. E., New Phytologist 58:1–4 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Mueller, L. E., P. H. Carr and W. E. Loomis, Am. J. Botan. 41:593–600 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Juniper, B. E., J. Linn. Soc. (Botan.) 367:413–419 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Eglinton, G., R. J. Hamilton and M. Martin-Smith, Phytochemistry 1:137–145 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Eglinton, G., A. S. Ganzalez, R. J. Hamilton and R. A. Raphael, Ibid. 1:89–102 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Herbin, G. A., and K. Sharma, Ibid. 8:151–160 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kariyone, T., M. Takahashi, K. Watanabe, H. Ageta, H. Isoi, H. Y. Hsu, N. Kawano, T. Sawada and Y. Fukri, J. Pharm. Soc. Japan 16:1 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Martin-Smith, M., and G. Subramanian, Phytochemistry, 6:559–572 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Del Castillo, J. B., R. J. Hamilton and P. Pellitt, Ibid. 6:391–398 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Herbin, G. A., and P. A. Robins, Ibid. 7:239–255 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Herbin, G. A., and P. A. Robins, Ibid. 7:257–268 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wollrab, V., M. Streibl and F. Sorm, Chem. Ind. (London) 1967:1872–1873.

  18. Stoyanova-Ivanova, B., and K. Mlodenova, Riv. Ital. Essenze-Profumi, Piante Offic., Aromi-Saponi, Cosmet-Aerosol 49:526–530 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wollrab, V., Riechstoffe Aromen, Koerperpflegemittel 14:321–322 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hemming, F. W., R. A. Morton and J. F. Pennock, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. B 158:291–310 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Krolikowska, M., Dissertationes Pharm. 12:181–199 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mecklenbury, H. C., Phytochemistry 5:1201–1209 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Isaev, Kh. I., A. I. Ismailov and A. S. Sadykov, Nauchn. Tr., Tashkent. Gas. Univ. 286:28–32 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Sharma, R. K., and P. C. Gupta, Vijnana Parishad Anusandhan Patrika 9:147–152 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Akperbekova, B. A., Farmatsiya Sofia 16:36–41 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kurth, E. F., Tappi 50:253–258 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Swan, E. P., Tappi 46:245–249 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bescansa-Lopez, J. L., G. Gil Curbera and I. Ribas-Marques, Anales Real Soc. Espan Fis. Quim. Madrid Ser. B 62:865–869 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bescansa-Lopez, J. L., and I. Ribas-Marques, Anales Real Soc. Espan. Fis. Quim. Madrid Ser. B 62:871–874 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Duhamel, L., Bull. Soc. Chim. France 2:399–402 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bell, R. A., and W. E. Harvey, New Zealand J. Sci. 6:64–65 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Pearl, A., and J. A. Harrocks, J. Org. Chem. 26:1578–1583 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Grice, R. E., H. D. Locksley and F. Scheinmann, Nature 218:892–893 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lawrie, W., J. McLean and M. E. G. Younes, Phytochemistry 7:2065–2066 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Vitaglino, M., Olii Minerali, Grassi Saponi, Coloii Vernice 37:136–140 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kuksis, A., Biochemistry 3:1086–1093 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Eisner, J., J. Iverson, A. K. Mozingo and D. Firestone, J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 48:417–433 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Walberg, M., Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 12:335–339 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Carncluff, J., K. R. Hargreaves and A. Nechvatol, Phytochemistry 5:1029 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Gulz, P. G., Ibid. 7:1009–1017 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Waldron, J. D., D. S. Gowers, A. C. Chibnall and S. H. Piper, Biochem. J. 78:435–442 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Channon, H. J., and A. C. Chibnall, Ibid. 23:168–175 (1929).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Chibnall, A. C., S. H. Piper, A. Pollard, J. A. B. Smith and E. F. Williams, Ibid. 25:2095–2110 (1931).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chibnall, A. C., E. F. Williams, A. L. Latner and S. H. Piper, Ibid. 27:1885–1888 (1933).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Chibnall, A. C., S. H. Piper, A. Pollard, E. F. Williams and P. N. Sahai, Ibid. 28:2189–2208 (1934).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Piper, S. H., A. C. Chibnal and E. F. Williams, Ibid. 28:2175–2188 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Chibnall, A. C., and S. H. Piper, Ibid. 28:2209–2219 (1934).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Chibnall, A. C., S. H. Piper, S. H. Mangouri, E. F. Williams and A. V. V. Iyengar, Ibid. 31:1981–1986 (1937).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Chibnall, A. C., S. H. Mangouri and S. H. Piper, Ibid. 58:506–512 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Piper, S. H., A. C. Chibnall, S. J. Hopkins, A. Pollard, J. A. B. Smith and E. F. Williams, Ibid. 25:2072–2094 (1931).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Pollard, A., A. C. Chibnall and S. H. Piper, Ibid. 25:2111–2122 (1931).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Sahai, P. N., and A. C. Chibnall, Ibid. 26:403–412 (1932).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pollard, A., A. C. Chibnall and S. H. Piper, Ibid. 27:1889–1893 (1933).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Eglinton, G., and R. J. Hamilton, Science 156:1322 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Mazliak, P., in “Progress in Phytochemistry,” Vol. 1 Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1968, p. 49–111.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Mazliak, P., Rev. Gen. Botan. 70:437–552 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Mazliak, P., Annee Biol. 4:35–78 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Han, J., E. D. McCarthy, W. Van Hoeven, M. Calvin and W. H. Bradley, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 59:29–33 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Gelpi, E., J. Oro, H. J. Schneider and E. O. Bennett, Science 161:700–702 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Clark, R. C., Jr., A. D. 641436. Avail. Clearing House for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, 1966, 59 p.

  61. Patterson, G. W., J. Phycol. 3:22–23 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Oro, J., T. G. Tornabene, D. W. Nooner and E. Gelpi, J. Bacteriol. 93:1811–1818 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Winters, K., P. L. Parker and C. Van Baalen, Science 161:163–164 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Han, J., E. D. McCarthy and M. Calvin, J. Chem. Soc. 1968:2785–2791.

  65. Kranz, Z. H., J. A. Lamberton, K. E. Murray and A. H. Redcliffe, Australian J. Chem. 14:264–271 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Carruthers, W., and R. A. W. Johnstone, Nature 184:1131–1132 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Mold, J. D., R. K. Stevens, R. E. Means and J. M. Ruth, Biochemistry 2:605–610 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Wollrab, V., Collection Czech. Chem. Commun. 33:1584–1600 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Wollrab, V., M. Streibl and F. Sorm, Ibid. 30:1654–1669 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Eglinton, G., R. J. Hamilton, R. A. Raphael and A. G. Gonzalez, Nature 193:739–742 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Wollrab, V., Collection Czech. Chem. Commun. 32:1304–1308 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wollrab, V., Ibid. Collection Czech. Chem. Commun. 32:1304–1308, in press.

  73. Rusanivskyi, W., R. L. Stedman and A. R. Swain, Chem. Ind. (London) 1960:838–839.

  74. Mold, J. D., R. E. Means and J. M. Ruth, Phytochemistry 5:59–66 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Jarolimek, P., V. Wollrab, M. Streibl and F. Sorm, Chem. Ind. (London) 1964:237–238.

  76. Sorm, F., V. Wollrab, P. Jarolimek and M. Streibl, Ibid. Chem. Ind. (London) 1964:1833–1834.

  77. Maxwell, J. R., A. G. Douglas, G. Eglinton and A. McCormick, Phytochemistry 7:2157–2171 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Brieskorn, C. H., and H. Zimmermann, Experientia 21:385 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Clark, R. C., and M. Blumer, Limnol. Oceanogr. 12:79 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Mackie, A., and A. L. Misra, J. Sci. Food Agr. 7:203–209 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Stoyanova-Ivanova, B., P. Khadjieva and K. Mladenova, Riv. Ital. Essenze-Profumi Piante Offic. Aromi-Saponi Cosmet-Aerosol 49:726–727 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Horn, D. H. S., and J. A. Lamberton, Chem. Ind. London 1962:2036–2037.

  83. Barber, H. N., and A. G. Netting, Phytochemistry 7:2089–2093 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Horn, D. H. S., Z. H. Kranz and J. A. Lamberton, Australian J. Chem. 17:464–476 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Tulloch, A. P., and R. O. Weennik, Chem. Commun. 8:225–226 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kariyone, T., and H. Ageta, Yakugaku Zasshi 79:47–50 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kariyone, T., H. Ageta and H. Tanoka, Ibid. 79:51–53 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kariyone, T., H. Ageta and H. Isoi, Ibid. 79:54–57 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ageta, H., Ibid. 79:58 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kariyone, T., Proceedings of the Symposium on Phytochemistry, Kuala Lampur (1957), p. 160 (UNESCO Science Cooperation Office for S.E. Asia).

  91. Wollrab, V., Phytochemistry 8:623–627 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Purdy, S. J., and E. V. Truter, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. B 158:536–565 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Morrison, R. I., and W. Bick, Chem. Ind. (London) 1966:596–597.

  94. Nichols, B. W., and J. B. Wood, Nature 217:767 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Murray, K. E., and R. Schoenfeld, Australian J. Chem. 8:424–431 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Mazliak, P., Phytochemistry 1:79–85 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Mazliak, P., Ibid. 2:253–261 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Stoyanova-Ivanova, B., and E. Kolarova, Compt. Rend. Acad. Bulgare Sci. 15:151–153 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  99. Kranz, Z. H., J. A. Lamberton, K. E. Murray and A. H. Redcliffe, Australian J. Chem. 13:498–505 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Lamberton, J. A., Ibid. 18:911–913 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Radler, F., Australian J. Biol. Sci. 18:1045–1056 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Radler, F., and D. H. S. Horn, Australian J. Chem. 18:1059–1069 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lamberton, J. A., and A. H. Redcliffe, Chem. Ind. (London) 1959:1627–1628.

  104. Kariyone, T., and Y. Hashimoto, Experientia 9:136 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Kuelin, F. E., and R. A. Gallop, Australian J. Sci. Res. B 4:526–536 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  106. Murray, K. E., F. E. Huelin and J. B. Davenport, Nature 204:80–81 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Batterham, T. J., N. K. Hart and J. A. Lamberton, Australian J. Chem. 19:143–150 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Chaveron, H., Choc. Confiserie Fr. 222:25–28 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  109. Morton, R. A., Chem. Ind. (London) 1968:1710–1717.

  110. Horn, D. H. S. and J. A. Lamberton, Ibid. Chem. Ind. (London) 1963:691.

  111. Lamberton, J. A., Australian J. Chem. 17:692–696 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Nagy, B., V. Modzeleski and M. T. J. Murphy, Phytochemistry 4:945–950 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Ciusa, W., V. D’Arrigo, F. Maini and N. Penna, Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse 45:175–178 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Sandermann, W., W. Schweers and O. Bernhoff, Chem. Ber. 93:2266 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Mazliak, P., 10th International Congress of Botany, Edinburgh, 1964, p. 424.

  116. Kolattukudy, P. E., Biochemistry 4:1844–1855 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kolattukudy, P. E., Ibid. 5:2265–2275 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Kolattukudy, P. E., Phytochemistry 6:963–975 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Kolattukudy, P. E., Plant Physiol. 43:375–383 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Kolattukudy, P. E., Ibid. 43:1466–1470 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kaneda, T., Biochemistry 6:2023–2032 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Clenshaw, E., and I. Smedley-Maclean, Biochem. J. 23:107–109 (1929).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hitchcock, C., and A. T. James, J. Lipid Res. 5:593–599 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Hitchcock, C., and A. T. James, Biochem. J. 97:1C-3C (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kolattukudy, P. E., Science 159:498–505 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Kaneda, T., Biochemistry 7:1194–1202 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kolattukudy, P. E., R. H. Jaeger and R. Robinson, Nature 219:1038–1040 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Abbott, B. J., and L. E. Casida, Jr., J. Bacteriol. 96:925–930 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Nagai, J., and K. Bloch, J. Biol. Chem. 241:1925–1927 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. James, A. T., in “Cellular Compartmentalization and Control of Fatty Acid Metabolism,” Edited by F. C. Gran, Academic Press Inc., New York, 1968, p. 25–37.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Macey, M. J. K., and P. K. Stumpf, Plant Physiol. 43:1637–1647 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Forrester, M. L., G. Krotkov and C. D. Nelson, Ibid. 41:422–427 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Mapson, L. W., and J. E. Robinson, J. Food Technol. 1:215–225 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Stumpf, P. K., in “Plant Biochemistry,” Edited by T. Bonner and J. E. Varner, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1965, p. 323–345.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Gastambide-Odier, M., and E. Lederer, Nature 184:1563–1564 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Jezyk, P. F., “Occurrence Chemistry and Metabolism of Ascarosides inAscaris Lumbricoides”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Kolattukudy, P. E., Plant Physiol. 43:1423–1429 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Fidge, N. H., and D. S. Goodman, J. Biol. Chem. 243:4372–4379 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Culp, H. W., and R. E. McMahon, Ibid. 243:848–852 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Kolattukudy, P. E., Biochemistry 6:2705–2717 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Glomset, T. A., E. T. Tanssen, R. Kennedy and J. Dobbins, J. Lipid Res. 7:638–648 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Mukherjee, S., G. Kunitake and R. B. Alfin-Slater, J. Biol. Chem. 230:91–96 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Goodman, D. S., D. Deykin and T. Shiratori, Ibid. 239:1335–1345 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Shyamala, G., W. J. Lassow and I. L. Chaikoff, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 116:543–554 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Hall, D. M., and R. L. Jones, Nature 191:95–96 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Rosenberg, A., Biochemistry 2:1148–1154 (1963); Science 157:1189–1191 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Kolattukudy, P. E., Plant Physiol. 44:315–317 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Kolattukudy, P. E., and L. Hankin, J. Nutr. 90:167–174 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Hansen, I. A., and J. F. Mead, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 120:527–532 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Hankin, L., and P. E. Kolattukudy, J. Gen. Microbiol. 51:457–463 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Hankin, L., and P. E. Kolattukudy, Ibid. 56:151–156 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Stevenson, F. J., JAOCS 43:203–210 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Elovson, T., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 98:36–40 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Bartholomew, E. T., Am. J. Botany 18:765–783 (1931).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Hall, D. M., Australian J. Biol. Sci. 19:1017–1028 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Sivadjian, T., C-R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. D 266:353–355 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Grncarevic, M., and F. Radler, Planta 75:23–27 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Martin, J. T., Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 2:81–100 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Martin, J. T., R. F. Butt and R. T. Burchill, Nature 180:796–799 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Crosby, D. G., and A. J. Vlitos, Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 20:283–292 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Levin, E., Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 112:331–335 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Washington State University, 99163, Pullman, Washington

    P. E. Kolattukudy

Authors
  1. P. E. Kolattukudy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

One of six papers to be published from the Symposium on Natural Waxes, presented at the AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, April 1969.

About this article

Cite this article

Kolattukudy, P.E. Plant waxes. Lipids 5, 259–275 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02532477

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02532477

Keywords

Search

Navigation