Skip to main content
Log in

Präemptive Analgesie: Klinische Realität oder wissenschaftliche Hypothese?

Preemptive analgesia: a clinical reality or a scientific hypothesis?

  • Editorial
  • Published:
Der Schmerz Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Numerous experimental studies have shown that systemic or regional administration of analgesics prior to a nociceptive stimulus results in a significant reduction of analgesic requirements compared with the administration of the same analgesic dose given after the nociceptive stimulus. This phenomenon is called “preemptive analgesia”. Recently several clinical studies have been conducted to determine whether “preemptive analgesia” also occurs in humans. Regional and systemic opioids, local anesthetics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been investigated so far. Most studies have failed to show a significant reduction in postoperative analgesic requirements with preemptive analgesia. Even in studies with positive results the reduction in analgesic requirements was limited and without clinical relevance. Further studies should focus on the questions which analgesics and which administration routes might provide clinically significant “preemptive analgesia” and how long analgesia should be prolonged into the postoperative period.

Zusammenfassung

Zahlreiche experimentelle Untersuchungen haben belegt, daß die Gabe eines Analgetikums vor einem experimentellen Schmerz zu geringeren Schmerzen führt als die Gabe des gleichen Analgetikums nach dem nozizeptiven Reiz. In einer Reihe von Studien wurde untersucht, ob diese sog. “präemptive Analgesie” auch für die Klinik von Bedeutung ist. Obwohl in einigen Studien für bestimmte Zeitintervalle statistisch ein geringerer postoperativer Analgetikaverbrauch gesichert werden konnte, bleibt angesichts der über-wiegend negativen Ergebnisse die klinische Bedeutung der “präemptiven Analgesie” derzeit offen. Zukünftige Studien müssen zeigen, welche Substanzen unter welchen Applikationsrouten zu einer klinisch relevanten “präemptiven Analgesie” führen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Literatur

  1. Abram SE, Yaksh TL (1993) Morphine, but not inhalation anesthesia, blocks post-injury facilitation. The role of preemptive suppression of afferent transmission. Anesthesiology 78:713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bach SE, Noreng MF, Tjellden NU (1988) Phantom limb pain in amputees during the first 12 months following limb amputation, after preoperative lumbar epidural blockade. Pain 33:297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Coderre TJ, Vaccarino AL, Melzack R (1990) Central nervous system plasticity in the tonic pain response to subcutaneous formalin injection. Brain Res 535:155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Dahl JB, Hansen BL, Hjortso NC, Erichsen CJ, Miniche S, Kehlet H (1992) The influence of timing on the effect of continuous epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and morphine after major abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 69:4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dahl JB, Brennum J, Arendt-Nielsen L Jensen TS, Kehlet H (1993) The effect of pre- versus postinjury infiltration with lidocaine on thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia after heat injury to the skin. Pain 53:43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Dahl, JB, Erichsen CJ, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Kehlet H (1992) Pain sensation and nociceptive reflex excitability in surgical patients and human volunteers. Br J Anaesth 69:117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dickensen AH, Sullivan AF (1987) Subcutaneous formalin-induced activity of dorsal horn neurones in rat: Differential response to an intrathecal opiate administered pre or post formalin. Pain 30:349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dierking GW, Dahl JB, Kanstrup J, Dahl A, Kehlet H (1992) Effect of prevs postoperative inguinal field block on postoperative pain after herniorrhaphy. Br J Anaesth 68:344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Dubner R, Ruda MA (1992) Activity dependant neuronal plasticity following tissue injury and inflammation. Trends in Neurosci 15:96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ejlersen E, Anderson HB, Eliasen K, Mogensen T (1992) A comparison between preincisional and postincisional lidocaine infiltration and postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 74:495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fisher A, Meller Y (1991) Continuous postoperative regional analgesia by nerve sheath block for amputation surgery—a pilot study. Anesth Analg 72:300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gustafsson I, Nyström E, Quiding H (1983) Effect of preoperative paracetamol on pain after oral surgery. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 24:63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Haley JE, Sullivan AH, Dickensen AH (1990) Evidence for spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor involvement in prolonged chemical nociception in the rat. Brain Res 518:2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hennart D, Mersch Y (1993) Analgesia by wound infiltration before or after surgery in inguinal hernioraphy. Br J Anaesth 70 [Suppl 1]:105

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hunt SP, Pini A, Evan G (1987) Induction of c-fos like protein in spinal cord neurons following sensory stimulation. Nature 328:632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Jadad R, Glynn CJ, Jack TM, McQuay HJ (1993) Influence of pre and postoperative morphine administration on pain after body surface surgery: a double-blind randomised surgery. 7th World Congr Pain Paris, Abstractbook:538

  17. Katz J, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN, Nierenberg H, Boylan JF, Friedlander M, Shaw BF (1992) Preemptive analgesia. Clinical evidence of neuroplasticity contributing to postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 77:439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kiss IE, Kilian M (1992) Does opiate premedication influence postoperative analgesia? A prospective study. Pain 48:157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. McQuay HJ, Caroll D, Moore RA (1988) Postoperative orthopaedic pain —the effect of opiate premedication and local anaesthetic blocks. Pain 33:291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Negre I, Gueneron JP, Jamali S, Monin S, Ecofley C (1993) Preemptive analgesia with epidural morphine. Br J Anaesth 70 [Suppl 1]:105

    Google Scholar 

  21. Presley RW, Menetrey D, Levine JD, Basbaum AI (1990) Systemic morphine suppresses noxious stimulus-evoked Fos protein-like immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 10:323

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Pryle BJ, Vanner RG, Enriquez N, Reynolds F (1993) Can preemptive lumbar epidural blockade reduce postoperative pain following lower abdominal surgery? Anaesthesia 48:120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Richmond CE, Bromley LM, Woolf CJ (1993) Preoperative morphine preempts postoperative pain. Lancet II:73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sisk AL, Grover BJ (1990) A comparison of preoperative and postoperative naproxen sodium for suppression of postoperative pain. J Oral Maxilloffac Surg 48:674.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sisk AL, Mosley RO, Martin RP (1989) Comparison of preoperative and postoperative diflunisal for suppression of postoperative pain. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Tuffin JR, Cunliffe DR, Shaw SR (1989) Do local analgesics injected at the time of third molar removal under general anaesthesia reduce significantly post operative analgesic requirements? A double-blind controlled trial. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 27:27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wisden W, Errington ML, Williams S (1990) Differential expression of immediate early genes in the hippocampus and spinal cord. Neuron 4:603

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Woolf CJ, Thompson SW (1991) The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation; implications for the treatment of postinjury pain hypersensitivity states. Pain 44:293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Woolf CJ, Wall PD (1986) Morphine sensitive and morphine insensitive actions of C fibre input on the rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 64:221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Woolf CJ, Wall PD (1986) Morphinesensitive and morphine-insensitive actions of C-fibre input on the rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 64:221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Woolf CJ, Wall PD (1986) Relative effectiveness of C primary afferent fibers of different origins in evoking a prolonged facilitation of the flexor reflex in the rat. J Neurosci 6:1433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Herrn Prof. Dr. ing. Manfred Zimmermann zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tryba, M. Präemptive Analgesie: Klinische Realität oder wissenschaftliche Hypothese?. Schmerz 8, 1–4 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02527503

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02527503

Key words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation