Summary
A simple evolutionary model of dormancy and dispersal is presented with special reference to phytophagous lady beetles. In order to investigate spatially heterogeneous environments, we assume the simplest patch structure, that is, there are only two patches, main and sub. Environments are also assumed to be temporally constant. The main patch is superior to the sub patch, but density effect at the main patch is higher than at the sub patch. Optimal dormancy and dispersal are obtained at the same time by the method of evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). In the univoltine life cycle, dormancy strategy vanishes because dormant individuals do not reproduce at all but suffer from a certain mortality rate during winter hibernation. In the bivoltine life cycle, the dormancy and dispersal rates constitute a trade-off: the rates change together with a negative correlation when the mortality rate during dispersal or during winter hibernation changes. When suitability of the main patch gradually deteriorates, the optimal strategy changes as follows: neither dormancy nor dispersal is adopted at the most suitable condition, the dispersal rate is increased without dormancy in the intermediate condition, and then the dormancy rate is increased with a constant dispersal rate. We discuss the field observation data of lady beetles in the light of results of our model.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cohen, D. and S. A. Levin (1987) The Interaction between dispersal and dormancy strategies in varying and heterogeneous environments. In E. Teramoto (ed)Proc. Int. Symp. on Mathematical Biology.
Cohen, D. and S. A. Levin (1991) Dispersal in patchy environments: The effect of temporal and spatial structure.Theor. Popul. Biol. 39: 63–69.
Ellener, S. (1985a) ESS germination strategies in randomly varying environment. I. Logistic-type models.Thero. Popul. Biol. 28: 50–79.
Ellener, S. (1985b) ESS germination strategies in randomly varying environment. II. Reciprocal yield law models.Thero. Popul. Biol. 28: 80–115.
Hamilton, W. D. and R. May (1977) Dispersal in stable habitats.Nature 269: 578–581.
Hirano, K. (1984)On researches on temporal and spatial fluctuation of 28-spotted lady beetle population. Doc. Thesis (Nagoya Univ.) (in Japanese)
Itô, Y., K. Fujisaki, and T. Saito (1990)Survival Strategy in Animal. NHK Press. Tokyo, Japan (in Japanese)
Levin, S. A., D. Cohen, and A. Hasting (1984) Dispersal strategies in patchy environments.Theor. Popul. Biol. 26: 165–191.
Maynard Smith, J. (1982)Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Nakamura, K (1976a) Studies on the population dynamics of the 28-spotted lady beetle,Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata F. I. Analysis of life tables and mortality process in the field population.Jap. J. Ecol. 26: 49–59. (In Japanese with English summary)
Nakamura, K (1976b) Studies on the population dynamics of the 28-spotted lady beetle,Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata F. II. Analysis of regulatory system under semi-natural and laboratory conditions.Jap. J. Ecol. 26: 125–134. (In Japanese with English summary)
Nakamura, K (1983) Comparative studies on population dynamics of closely related phytophagous lady beetles in Japan.Res. Popul. Evol. suppl. 3: 46–60.
Nakamura, K and T. Ohgushi (1979) Studies on the population dynamics of a thistlefeeding lady beetle,Henosepilachna pustulosa (Kôno) in a cool temperate climax forest I. The estimation of adult population parameters by the marking, release and recapture method.Res. Popul. Ecol. 2: 297–314.
Nakamura, K and T. Ohgushi (1981) Studies on the population dynamics of a thistlefeeding lady beetle,Henosepilachna pustulosa (Kôno) in a cool temperate climax forest II. Life table, key-factor analysis, and detection of regulatory mechanisms.Res. Popul. Ecol. 23: 210–231.
Ohgushi, T and H. Sawada (1985) Population equilibrium with respect to available food resource and its behavioral basis in an herbivorous lady beetle,Henosepilachna niponica.J. Anim. Ecol. 54: 781–796
Sota, T. (1988) Univoltine and bivoltine life cycles in insects: A model with density-dependent selection.Res. Popul. Ecol. 30: 135–144.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsuji, N., Yamamura, N. A simple evolutionary model of dormancy and dispersal in heterogeneous patches with special reference to phytophagous lady beetles: I. Stable environments. Res Popul Ecol 34, 77–90 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02513523
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02513523