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How does habitat fragmentation affect the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relationship?

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Abstract

Context

The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) has been a central topic in ecology for more than 20 years. While experimental and theoretical studies have produced much knowledge of how biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning, it remains poorly understood how habitat fragmentation affects the BEF relationship.

Objectives

To develop a framework that connects habitat fragmentation to the BEF relationship from a landscape perspective.

Methods

We reviewed the literature on habitat fragmentation, BEF, and related fields, and developed a framework to analyze how habitat fragmentation affects the BEF relationship through altering biodiversity, environmental conditions, and both, based on the pattern-process-scale perspective in landscape ecology.

Results

Our synthesis of the literature suggests that habitat fragmentation can alter BEF relationship through several processes. First, habitat fragmentation causes the non-random loss of species that make major contributions to ecosystem functioning (decreasing sampling effect), and reduces mutualistic interactions (decreasing complementarity effects) regardless of the changes in species richness. Second, environmental conditions within patches and ecological flows among patches vary significantly with the degree of fragmentation, which potentially contributes to and modulates the BEF relationship.

Conclusions

Habitat fragmentation can affect the BEF relationship directly by altering community composition, as well as indirectly by changing environmental conditions within and among habitat patches on both local and landscape levels. The BEF relationship obtained from small plots and over short time periods may not fully represent that in real landscapes that are fragmented, dynamic, and continuously influenced by myriad human activities on different scales in time and space.

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Acknowledgements

This paper was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31361123001, 31500382, 31210103908), the US National Science Foundation (DEB-1342754 and DEB-1342757) and the 521 Talent Project of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. We thank Tommaso Jucker, Raphael Didham, Matthew Mitchell, Ping Ding, Yanping Wang and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

    Jiajia Liu, Jinliang Liu & Mingjian Yu

  2. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA

    Maxwell Wilson & Jianguo Wu

  3. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

    Guang Hu

  4. School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA

    Jianguo Wu

  5. Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Jianguo Wu

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  1. Jiajia Liu
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  2. Maxwell Wilson
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  3. Guang Hu
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  4. Jinliang Liu
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  5. Jianguo Wu
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  6. Mingjian Yu
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Correspondence to Mingjian Yu.

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Liu, J., Wilson, M., Hu, G. et al. How does habitat fragmentation affect the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relationship?. Landscape Ecol 33, 341–352 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0620-5

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