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Difficoltà negli studi aerobiologici ed allergologici sui miceti

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Summary

Throughout the years, pollen has been widely studied as an aeroallergen, but less is known about fungal spores.

It has long been established that fungal spores are present in the atmosphere in high concentration, considerably in excess of pollen grains, but the debate regarding their potential allergenicity is far from resolved. Although there is an agreement among allergists that inhaled fungi are responsible for production of upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms there is a paucity of data on the actual incidence of respiratory allergy induced by inhaled fungal spores.

Although positive immediate and delayed skin reactivity is obtained with crude extracts of many fungal species, the clinical relevance of the reactivity is often uncertain and the contribution of fungal allergens to production of symptoms in any given patient is often difficult to assess. This is due to many factors, among which are the following: 1) The choice and method of preparing fungal extracts for skin testing and provocative challenge has varied markedly among investigators and there are nearly as many allergen extraction and isolation procedures as there are researchers and commercial suppliers of allergens. 2) There is much variability in the antigen/allergen content of extracts. For this reason the quality and potency of mould allergenic extracts has often been poor and variable. For the standardization of extracts the allergens of moulds need to be elucidated. 3) Relatively few organisms have been studied in detail, and many common fungi still need initial clinical evaluation. 4) A single, well-defined, mould season usually does not occur, making it especially difficult to select a study population with unique seasonal mould allergy.

Riassunto

In allergologia clinica la sensibilizzazione da miceti ha un ruolo di importanza secondaria rispetto a quella da pollini, ma le nostre conoscenze sul ruolo allergenico delle spore e di altre emanazioni atmosferiche dei miceti sono però stato largemente insoddisfacenti.

Contrariamente a quanto avviene per i granuli pollinici, la cui sede di origine, la pianta che li produce, è ben visibile nell'ambiente, per le spore dei miceti è frequentemente impossibile evidenziare la sorgente fungina di appartenenza. Maggiore importanza assumono quindi l'identificazione e la misura della loro concentrazione nell'atmosfera.

Il campionamento aerosporologico può essere effettuato con apparecchi volumetrici tipo Hirst che permettono però il solo riconoscimento di alcune spore e non di altre, come quelle di Aspergilli e Penicilli. Per quest'ultime appare più utile la captazione mediante capsule di Petri esposte isolatamente o in un apparecchio campionatore a multistadi del tipo dell'Andersen. Per quanto riguarda i riflessi in allergologia clinica la scarsa frequenza di sensibilizzazione da miceti è verosimilmente da collegare alla carente purificazione e standardizzazione degli estratti allegenici utilizzati. Non esiste infatti un'uniformità nei metodi di estrazione delle componenti allergeniche e quindi c'è molta variabilità nel contenuto antigenico ed allergenico degli estratti di ditte diverse o della stessa ditta in tempi diversi. C'è inoltre da considerare che, contrariamente a quanto avviene per i pollini, non esiste per i miceti una ben definita stagione di presenza ambientale di spore fungine sì da consentire una correlazione con la sintomatologia clinica. La stagione fungina dell'atmosfera libera è infatti frequentemente integrata dalla presenza delle stesse spore all'interno delle abitazioni e/o degli ambienti di lavoro per cui l'esposizione diventa di tipo perenne.

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D'Amato, G. Difficoltà negli studi aerobiologici ed allergologici sui miceti. Aerobiologia 2, 23–28 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02450001

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