Skip to main content
Log in

Ancient microorganisms offer new clues to the Iceman’s mummification

  • Published:
Human Evolution

Abstract

The DNA identification of the microorganisms that colonized the so-called Tyrolean Iceman in the ancient times can offer a clue to understanding the exact process through which the natural mummification of the 5.100–5.300 year-old body took place. The results suggest that this process was considerably more complex than previously assumed (wind desiccation followed by freezing) possibly involving also a prolonged stage of water immersion of the corpse.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abyzov S.S. (1993) Microorganisms in the Antarctic ice. In:Antarctic Microbiology (Friedmann I Ed.). Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 265–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagolini, B., Dal Ri, L., Lippert, A. and Nothdurfter, H. (1995) Der Mann im Eis: Die Fundbergung 1992 am Tisenjoch, Gem. Schnals, Südtirol. In:Der Mann im Eis: Neue Funde und Ergebnisse (K. Spindler, E. Rastbichler-Zissernig, H. Wilfing, D. zur Nedden, D. Nothdurfter and H. Nothdurfter, Ed.). Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York, pp 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bereuter T.L., Reiter C., Seidler, H. and Platzer, W. (1996) Post-mortem alterations of human lipids-part II: lipid composition of a skin sample from the Iceman. In:Human mummies. A global survey of their status and the techniques of conservation (Spindler, K., Wilfing, H., Rastbichler-Zissernig, E., zur Nedden, D., Nothdurfter, H. Ed.). Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, W. (1995) Multivariate statistiche Untersuchungen zur Anthropologie des Mannes vom Hauslajoch. In:Der Mann im Eis: Neue Funde und Ergebnisse (K. Spindler, E. Rastbichler-Zissernig, H. Wilfing, D. zur Nedden, D. Nothdurfter and H. Nothdurfter, Ed.). Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York, pp 217–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cano, R.J., Inzunza A., Norton, D., Bodner, E., Gaber, O. and Tiefenbrunner F. (1995). Enzymatic amplification and characterization of fungal DNA from the lung tissue of the 5300 year-old “Iceman” (a b-stract). 95th General meeting, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 21–25 May 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capasso, L., Capelli, A., Dal Ri, L., Mariani-Costantini, R. and Nothdurfter H. (1995). I resti umani dell’Hauslabjoch raccolti durante la campagna di scavo del 1992: rapporto preliminare In:Der Mann in Eis: Neue Funde und Ergebnisse (K. Spindler, E. Rastbichler-Zissernig, H. Wilfing, D. zur Nedden, D. Nothdurfter and H. Nothdurfter, Ed.). Springer-Verlag Wien York pp 241–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymock, D., Weightman, A.J., Scully, C.; and Wade, W.G. (1996) Molecular analysis of microflora associated with dentoalveolar abscesses.J. Clin. Microbiol., 34, 537–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, R.A., Aveling, E. and Roberts, C.A. (1995) Detection of aMycobacterium tuberculosis-specific insertion element from ancient human ribs using the polymerase chain reaction (abstract). Ancient DNA III, Oxford, 20th–22nd July, 1995.

  • Fornaciari, G., Castagna, M., Tognetti, A, Tornaboni, D. and Bruno, J. (1989). Syphilis in a Renaissance Italian mummy.The Lancet 8863, 164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furrer, B., Candrian, U., Wieland, P., and Lüthy, J. (1990). Improving PCR efficiency.Nature 346, 324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gams, W. and Stalpers, J.A. (1994) Has the prehistoric ice-man contributed to the preservation of living fungal spores?FEMS Microbiology Letters 120 9–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handt, O., Richards, M., Trommsdorff, M., Kilger, C., Simanainen, J., Georgiev, O., Bauer, K., Stone, A., Hedges, R., Schaffner, W., Utermann, G., Sykes, B. and Pääbo, S (1994). Molecular genetic analyses of the Tyrolean Ice Man.Science 264, 1775–1778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haselwandter, K. and Ebner M.R. (1994a). Microorganisms surviving for 5300 years.FEMS Microbiology Letters 116, 189–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haselwandter, K and Ebner, M.R. (1994b). Further evidence in support of the authenticity of micro-organisms believed to have survived for 5300 years.FEMS Microbiology Letters 120, 11–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M.J., Reader, S.L. and Swierczynski, L.M. (1994). Preservation records of micro-organisms: evidence of the tenacity of life.Microbiology 140, 2513–2529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, D.J.(1991). 16S/23S rRNA Sequencing. In,Nucleic Acid Tecniques in Bacterial Systematics (E. Stackebrandt and M. Goodfellow, Ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 115–175.

  • Lindahl, T. and Nyberg B. (1972). Rate of depurination of native deoxyribonucleic acid.Biochemistry 11, 3610–3618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindahl, T. and Andersson A. (1972). Rate of chain breakage at apurinic sites in double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid.Biochemistry 11, 3618–3623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marota, I., Fornaciari, G. and Rollo, F (1996). La sifilide nel rinascimento: identificazione di sequenze ribosomali batteriche nel DNA isolato dalla mummia di Maria d’ Aragona (XVI secolo),Antropologia Contemporanea. Submitted.

  • Mouchacca, J. (1985). Les champignons. In:La momie de Ramses II (Balout, D.L. and Roubet, C. Eds.) Editions Recherches sur les Civilisations, Paris, pp. 119–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, H., Engberg, J. and Thuesen, I (1994). DNA from arctic human burials. In: (Herrmann, B. and Hummel, S., Eds.) Ancient DNA. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 122–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennisi, E. (1995). Centuries-old microbes afford new glimpse into the past. ASM News 61, 393–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinoth-Fornwagner, R. and Niklaus, T. R. (1995). Der Mann im Eis. Resultate der Radiokarbon-Datierung. In:Der Mann im Eis: Neue Funde und Ergebnisse (K. Spindler, E. Rastbichler-Zissernig, H. Wilfing, D.zur Nedden, D. Nothdurfter and H. Nothdurfter, Ed.). Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York, pp 78–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogan, P.K. and Lentz S. (1995). Molecular genetics evidence suggesting treponematosis in pre-columbian Chilean mummies (abstract). II World Congress on Mummy Studies, Universidad di los Andes, Instituto Colombiano di Antropologia.

  • Rollo, F., Asci, W., Marota, I. and Sassaroli, S. (1995a). DNA analysis of grass remains found at the Iceman’s archaeological site. In:Der Mann im Eis: Neue Funde und Ergebnisse (K. S[indler, E. Rastbichler-Zissernig, H. Wilfing, D. zur Nedden, D. Nothdurfter and H. Nothdurfter, Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York, pp 92–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollo, F., Asci, W., Antonini, S. and Ubaldi, M. (1995b). The “neolithic” microbial flora of the Iceman’s grass: morphological description and DNA analysis. In: Der Mann im Eis: Neue Funde und Ergebnisse (K. Spindler, E. Rastbichler-Zissernig, H. Wilfing, D. zur Nedden, D. Nothdurfter and H. Nothdurfter, Ed.). Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York, pp. 107–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollo, F., Sassaroli, S. and Ubaldi, M. (1995c). Molecular phylogeny of the fungi of the Iceman’s grass clothing.Current Genetics, 28, 289–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rollo, F. (1996). DNA preservation at the Iceman’s site. Manuscript in preparation.

  • Saitou, N. and Nei, M. (1987) The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.Mol. Biol. Evol. 4, 406–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salo, W.M., Aufderheide, A.C., Buikstra, J. and Holcomb, T.A. (1994). Identification ofMycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in a pre-Columbian Peruvian mummy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91, 2091–2094.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spindler, K. (1995) The man in the ice. Phoenix, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajima, F. and Nei, M. (1984) Estimation of evolutionary distance between nucleotide sequences.Mol. Biol. Evol. 1, 269–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiefenbrunner, F. (1992). Bakterien und Pilze, ein Problem für unseren ältesten Tiroler? In:Der Mann im Eis: Veröffentlichungen der Universität Innsbruck 187 (Höpfel F., Platzer W. and Spindler K. Ed.). Innsbruck. pp 100–107.

  • Ubaldi, M., Sassaroli, S. and Rollo, F. (1996) Ribosomal DNA analysis of culturable deuteromycetes form the Iceman’s hay: comparison of living and mummified fungi.Ancient Biomolecules 1, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unz, R.F. (1984). Genus IV. Zoogloea. In,Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (J.G. Holt, Ed.). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 214–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Peer, Y., and De Wachter, R. (1993). TREECON: a software package for the construction and drawing of evolutionary trees.Computer Applications to Bioscience 9, 177–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woese, C.R. (1987). Bacterial evolution.Microbiological Reviews 51, 221–271.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rollo, F., Luciani, S. & Ubaldi, M. Ancient microorganisms offer new clues to the Iceman’s mummification. Hum. Evol. 12, 197–208 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02438069

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02438069

Key words

Navigation