Abstract
Encarsia pergandiella Howard females develop as primary parasitoids of immature whiteflies, whereas ♀♀ develop as secondary parasitoids on ♂♂ of their own species or on other primary whitefly parasitoids. In this experiment, maleE. pergandiella development was examined in the laboratory at 24°C, using different stages of immatureE. pergandiella females [enclosed within the cuticle ofTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)] as hosts. Unmated adult femaleE. pergandiella were caged individually for 24 h on leaves of plants with either 5-day (early to late 3rd instar larval), 7-day (late 3rd instar to prepupal), or 9-day (pupal) hosts. In a control treatment, hosts were allowed to complete development without exposure to unmated adult females. Subsequent emergence of ♂♂ (hosts) and ♀♀ from all treatments was recorded daily.
Pupal (9-day)E. pergandiella females were found to be the most suitable hosts for development of ♀♀. Nine- and 7-day hosts were attacked at a similar rate, as indicated by a similarly low proportion of host emergence, but ♀♀ emerged at a significantly higher rate in the 9-day treatment than in the 7-day treatment. Development time of ♀♀ was 15±1 days in the 9-day treatment, and 16±1 days in the 7-day treatment (p<0.005). The proportion of hosts emerging from the 5-day treatment was not significantly different from the control treatment.
The data suggest that the colonizing ability ofE. pergandiella in greenhouses is likely to be limited by the delay of 7–9 days between oviposition of female eggs and the suitability of these ♂♂ for oviposition of male eggs. Since development time of the 2 sexes is similar this delay should cause a lack of synchrony in the emergence and mating of F1 ♂♂ and ♀♀.
Résumé
Les femelles d'Encarsia pergandiella Howard se développent comme parasitoïdes primaires des stades larvaires d'aleurodes, alors que les ♀♀ se développent comme parasitoïdes secondaires de leur propre espèce ou d'autres parasitoïdes primaires des Aleurodes. En laboratoire à 24°C, nous avons étudié le développement des ♀♀ d'E. pergandiella en utilisant comme hôte des jeunes ♂♂ d'E. pergandiella en place à l'intérieur du corps distendu deTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) à des stades différents. Nous avons séparé les femelles d'E. pergandiella, adultes vierges pendant 24 h en les plaçant chacune sur des feuilles de plantes comportant des hôtes âgés soit de 5 jours (3c stade larvaire avancé), soit de 7 jours (fin de 3c stade à prépupe), soit enfin de 9 jours (pupe). Au cours d'un traitement de contrôle, on a laissé les hôtes se développer sans être exposés à des femelles adultes. L'éclosion des ♂♂ (hôtes) et des ♀♀ résultant de tous les traitements a été enregistrée quotidiennement.
On a trouvé que les pupes (9 jours) d'E. pergandiella étaient les hôtes les plus propices au développement des ♀♀. Les hôtes de 9 et 7 jours ont été attaqués à un rythme semblable comme l'indique la faible proportion d'éclosion des hôtes, mais les ♀♀ éclosent plus rapidement dans le traitement de 9 jours que dans celui de 7 jours et ceci d'une manière significative. Le temps de développement des ♀♀ dans le traitement de 9 jours a été de 15±1 jours et de 16±1 dans le traitement de 7 jours (P<0,005). La proportion d'hôtes éclos dans le traitement de 5 jours n'était pas vraiment différente de celle observée dans le traitement de contrôle.
Ces résultats tendent à suggérer que la capacité colonisatrice d'E. pergandiella en serre serait limitée par un délai de 7 à 9 jours entre l'oviposition des œufs femelles et la réceptivité de ces femelles à l'oviposition des œufs mâles. Puisque le temps de développement des 2 sexes est semblable, ce délai devrait provoquer un manque de synchronisation dans l'éclosion et l'accouplement des femelles et des mâles F1.
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Hunter, M.S. Suitability of stages of femaleEncarsia pergandiella [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae] for development of conspecific male hyperprasites. Entomophaga 34, 265–273 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372675
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372675
Key-Words
- Encarsia pergandiella Howard
- Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)
- autoparasitoid
- host suitability
- hyperparasite