Abstract
In recent years, facilitative forms of leadership and teacher empowerment for the democratic restructuring of schools have been emphasized. However, no published studies seem to have examined teachers' perspectives of both facilitative school leadership and empowerment. This article describes the everyday strategies and personal characteristics of exemplary principals practicing facilitative leadership in shared-governance schools and how these principals influenced teacher empowerment. The date were drawn from a qualitative study of teachers in 11 schools in Georgia. An openended questionnaire was designed to provide teachers the opportunity to identify and describe in detail the characteristics of principals that enhanced their sense of empowerment and what being empowered means to teachers. Inductive analyses of the data generated seven major strategies, one set of personal characteristics identified with facilitative leadership, and two major dimensions of teacher empowerment: affective and professional. This article emphasizes the meanings teachers identified with empowerment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen, Lew (1993).The role of voice in shared governance: A case study of a primary school. Unpublished dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.
Anderson, Gary L. (1991). Cognitive politics of principals and teachers: Ideological control in an elementary school. In J. Blase (Ed.),The politics of life in schools: Power, conflict, and cooperation (pp. 120–130). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Apple, Michael W. (1982).Education and power, Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Apple, Michael W. (1984). The political economy of text publishing.Education Theory,43(4), 307–319.
Aronstein, Laurence W., Marlow, M., & Desilets Brendan J. (1990). Detours on the road to site-based management.Educational Leadership,47(7), 61–63.
Ball, Stephen J. (1987).The micro-politics of the school: Towards a theory of school organization. London: Methuen.
Blase, Joseph (1987). Dimensions of effective school leadership: The teachers' perspective.American Educational Research Journal,24(4), 598–610.
Blase, Joseph (1990). Some negative effects of principals' control-oriented and protective political behavior.American Educational Research Journal,27(4), 727–753.
Blase, Joseph (1991).The politics of life in schools: Power, conflict, and cooperation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Blase, Joseph (1993). The micropolitics of effective school-based leadership: Teachers' perspectives.Educational Administration Quarterly,29(2), 142–163.
Blase, Joseph & Kirby, Peggy C. (1992).Bringing out the best in teachers: What effective principals do. Newbury Park, CA: Corwin.
Blase, Joseph & Blase, Jo (1994, April).The micropolitics of facilitative school leadership: Teachers' perspectives. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.
Blase, Joseph, Blase, Jo, Anderson, Gary L., & Dungan, Sherry. (1995).Democratic principals in action: Eight cases. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Blumberg, Arthur & Greenfield, William D. (1986).The effective principal: Perspectives on school leadership (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Bolin, Frances S. (1989). Empowering leadership.Teachers College Record,91(1), 81–96.
Brady, L. Ray (1985). The supportiveness of the principal in school-based curriculum development.Journal of Curriculum Studies,17(1), 95–97.
Bredeson, Paul V. (1986, April).Principally speaking: An analysis of the interpersonal communications of school principals. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
Bredeson, Paul V. (1989). Redefining leadership and the roles of school principals: Responses to changes in the professional work-life of teachers.The High School Journal,23(1), 9–20.
Burlingame, Martin. (1988). Review of the micropolitics of the school: Towards a theory of school organization.Journal of Curriculum Studies,20(3), 281–283.
Chapman, Judith (1988). Decentralization, devolution, and the teacher: Participation by teachers in the decision making of schools.The Journal of Educational Administration,26(1), 39–72.
Cherryholmes, Cleo H. (1988).Power and criticism: Poststructural investigations in education. New York: Teachers College Press.
Clift, Renee, Johnson, Marlene M., Holland, Pat, & Veal, Mary Lou. (1992). Developing the potential for collaborative school leadership.American Educational Research Journal,29(4), 877–908.
Conger, Jay A. & Kanungo, Rabindra N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice.Academy of Management Review,13(3), 471–482.
Corbett, H. Dickson & Rossman, Gretchen B. (1988, April).How teachers empower superordinates: Running good schools. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.
Darling-Hammond, Linda (1985). Valuing teachers: The making of a profession.Teachers College Record,87, 205–218.
Duke, Daniel, Showers, Beverly K., & Imber, Michael. (1980). Teachers and shared decision making: The costs of involvement.Educational Administration Quarterly,16(1), 93–106.
Dunlap, Diane M. & Goldman, Patricia. (1991). Rethinking power in schools.Educational Administration Quarterly,27(1), 5–29.
Etheridge, Carol P. & Hall, Marcia L. (1991, April).The nature, role, and effect of competition, cooperation, and comprehension in multiple site implementation of SBDM. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
Etheridge, Carol P. & Hall, Marcia L. (1995, April).Challenge to change: The Memphis experience with school-based decision making revisited — interrupted continuity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
Firestone, William A. & Wilson, Bruce L. (1985). Using bureaucratic and cultural linkages to improve instruction: The principal's contribution.Educational Administration Quarterly,21(2), 7–30.
Foster, William (1989). Toward a critical practice of leadership. In John Smyth (Ed.),Critical perspectives in educational leadership (pp. 39–62). London: Falmer Press.
Freeman, Donald J., Brimhall, Paula A., & Neufeld, Judith (1994, April).Who's in charge now? A principal's endeavor to empower teachers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.
Giroux, Henry (1992). Educational leadership and the crisis of democratic govemment.Educational Researcher,21(4), 4–11.
Gitlin, Andrew, Bringhurst, K., Burns, M., Cooley, V., Myers, B., Price, K., Russell, R., & Tiess, P. (1992).Teachers' voices for school change: An introduction to educative research. New York: Teachers College Press.
Glaser, Barney G. (1978).Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, Barney G. & Strauss, Anselm L. (1967).The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine.
Glickman, Carl D. (1993).Renewing America's schools: A guide for school-based action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Glickman, Carl D. & Allen, Lew (Eds.). (1992a).The league of professional schools: Lessons from the field (Vol. 1). Athens: University of Georgia, Program for School Improvement.
Glickman, Carl D. & Allen, Lew (Eds.). (1992b).The league of professional schools: Lessons from the field (Vol. 2). Athens: University of Georgia, Program for School Improvement.
Greenfield, William D. (1991). The micropolitics of leadership in an urban elementary school. In J. Blase (Ed.),The politics of life in schools: Power, conflict, and cooperation (pp. 161–184). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Hoy, Wayne K. & Leverette, Bonnie. (1986, April).Leadership of principals, personal characteristics of teachers, and the professional zone of acceptance of elementary teachers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
Johnston, Gladys S. & Venable, Bernice P. (1986). A study of teacher loyalty to the principal: Rule administration and hierarchical influence of the principal.Educational Administration Quarterly,22(4), 4–27.
Kasten, Katherine L., Short, Paula M., & Jarmin, Harl R. (1989). Self-managing groups and the professional lives of teachers.The Urban Review,21(2), 63–80.
Kirby, Peggy C. & Colbert, Robert. (1992, April).Principals who empower teachers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
Kottkamp, Robert B. (1990). Teacher attitudes about work. In P. Reyes (Ed.),Teachers and their work: Commitment, performance, and productivity (pp. 86–114). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Kreisberg, Seth (1992).Transforming power: Domination, empowerment and education. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Lather, Patti (1989, March).Reinscribing otherwise: The play in values in the practices of human sciences. Paper presented for the conference, Alternative Paradigms for Inquiry, sponsored by Phi Delta Kappa International, San Francisco.
Lightfoot, Sara Lawrence (1986). On goodness in schools: Themes of empowerment.Peabody Journal of Education,63(3), 9–28.
Lindle, Jane C. (1991, April).The usefulness of the micropolitical framework for evaluating clinical experiences. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
Lortie, Dan C. (1975).Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Maeroff, Gene I. (1988).The empowerment of teachers: Overcoming the crisis of confidence. New York: Teachers College Press.
Malen, Betty & Ogawa, Rodney T. (1988). Professional-patron influence on site-based governance councils: A confounding case study.Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis,10(4), 251–270.
Martin, Oneida L. (1990, November).Instructional leadership behaviors that empower teacher effectiveness. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, New Orleans.
Maxcy, Spencer J. (1991).Educational leadership: A critical pragmatic perspective. New York: Bergin & Garvey.
Maxcy, Spencer J. & Claudet, Joe. (1989, April).Empowerment and leadership in educational settings. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
McLaren, Peter (1988). Language, social structure and the production of subjectivity.Critical Pedagogy Networker,1(2–3), 1–10.
Melenyzer, Beverly J. (1990, November).Teacher empowerment: The discourse, meanings and social actions of teachers. Paper presented at the National Council of States on Inservice Education, Orlando, FL.
Miles, Matthew B. & Huberman, A. Michael. (1984).Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Murphy, Joseph & Louis, Karen S. (Eds.) (1994).Reshaping the principalship: Insights from transformational formational reform efforts. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
National Education Association (1983).The national teacher opinion poll (Research memo). Washington, DC: Author.
National Education Association (1990).Estimates of school statistics. West Haven, CT: Author.
Prawat, Richard S. (1991). Conversations with self and settings: A framework for thinking about teacher empowerment.American Educational Research Journal,28(4), 737–757.
Prestine, Nona (1994). Ninety degrees from everywhere: New understandings of the principal's role in a restructured essential school. In J. Murphy & K. Seashore Louis (Eds.),Reshaping the principalship: Insights from transformational reform efforts (pp. 123–153). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Reed, Carol J. (1992, April).Political basis of teacher response to opportunities for involvement in school site policy and curriculum decisions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
Reitzug, Ulrich C. (1994). A case study of empowering principal behavior.American Educational Research Journal,31(2), 283–307.
Reitzug, Ulrich C. & Cross, Beverly E. (1994, April).A multi-site case study of site-based management in urban schools. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.
Rinehart, James S. & Short, Paula M. (1995, April).The effect of empowerment on organizational context. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
Short, Ira & Freire, Paulo (1987).A pedagogy for liberation: Dialogues on transforming education. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey.
Sprague, Jo (1992). Critical perspectives on teacher empowerment.Communication Education,41(2), 181–203.
Townsend, Richard G. (1990). Toward a broader micropolitics of schools.Curriculum Inquiry,20(2), 205–224.
Vogt, Judith F. & Murrell, Kenneth L. (1990).Empowerment in organizations: How to spark exceptional performance. San Diego: Pfeiffer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blase, J., Blase, J. Facilitative school leadership and teacher empowerment: Teacher's perspectives. Social Psychology of Education 1, 117–145 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02334729
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02334729