Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hepatic lipid secretion and cholelithiasis

  • Progress Report
  • Published:
The American Journal of Digestive Diseases Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Recent work has suggested that secretion of lithogenic hepatic bile is a major factor in the etiology, and a prerequisite abnormality to the growth and maturation of cholesterol gallstones. Cholesterol is normally solubilized in bile by mixed micelles of bile acids and lecithin. A decreased bile acid pool or a decrease in the ratio of bile acid and lecithin to cholesterol characterizes lithogenic bile. These observations have stimulated investigation of biliary lipid secretion, relevant to pursuing the genesis of the alterations. This review summarizes current knowledge of the individual and interrelated biosynthesis, kinetics, biliary secretion, and regulation of cholesterol, bile acid and lecithin. Investigations of induced alterations by drugs, hormones and diet are also reviewed. The lithogenic potential of bile can be decreased by chenodeoxycholic acid, but more work is needed, in particular, to define the hepatic enzymatic abnormality that causes the secretion of lithogenic bile.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ingelfinger FJ: Digestive disease as a national problem. V. Gallstones. Gastroenterology 55:102, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Miyake H, Johnston CG: Gallstones: ethnological studies. Digestion 1:219, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Budd G: On Diseases of the Liver. Second edition. Philadelphia, Blanchard and Lea, 1853, p 468

    Google Scholar 

  4. Thudichum JLW: A Treatise on Gall-Stones: Their Chemistry, Pathology and Treatment. London, J. Churchill and Sons, 1863, p 323

    Google Scholar 

  5. Isaksson B: On the lipid constituents of normal bile. Upsala Läkaref Förh 56:177, 1952

    Google Scholar 

  6. Admirand WH, Small DM: The physicochemical basis of cholesterol gallstone formation in man. J Clin Invest 47:1043, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Vlahcevic ZR, Bell CC Jr, Buhac I, et al: Diminished bile acid pool size in patients with gallstones. Gastroenterology 59:165, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Small DM, Rapo S: Source of abnormal bile in patients with cholesterol gallstones. New Eng J Med 283:53, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Vlahcevic ZR, Bell CC Jr, Swell L: Significance of the liver in the production of lithogenic bile in man. Gastroenterology 59:62, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Thistle JL, Schoenfield LJ: Lithogenic bile among young Indian women: lithogenic potential decreased with chenodeoxycholic acid. New Eng J Med 284:177, 1971

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Small DM: The formation of gallstones. Advances Intern Med 16:243, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hofmann AF, Small DM: Detergent properties of bile salts: correlation with physiological function. Ann Rev Med 18:333, 1967

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Berseus O, Danielsson H, Einarsson K: Enzymatic transformations of the sterol nucleus in bile acid biosynthesis, Methods in Enzymology. Steroids and Terpenoids. Vol 15. Edited by RB Clayton. New York, Academic Press, Inc, 1969, pp 551–562

    Google Scholar 

  14. Nilsson S: Synthesis and secretion of biliary phospholipids in man: an experimental study with special reference to the relevance for gallstone formation. Acta Chir Scand 405:Suppl:1, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dietschy JM, Wilson JD: Regulation of cholesterol metabolism. New Eng J Med 282:1128, 1179, 1241, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Danielsson H, Tchen TT: Steroid metabolism, Metabolic Pathways. Lipids, Steroids, and Carotenoids, Vol 2. Third edition. Edited by DM Greenberg. New York, Academic Press, Inc, 1968, pp. 117–168

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dietschy JM, Wilson JD: Cholesterol synthesis in the squirrel monkey: relative rates of synthesis in various tissues and mechanisms of control. J Clin Invest 47:166, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wood PDS, Shioda R, Kinsell LW: Dietary regulation of cholesterol metabolism. Lancet 2:604, 1966

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rosenfeld RS, Hellman L: The relation of plasma and biliary cholesterol to bile acid synthesis in man. J Clin Invest 38:1334, 1959

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wilson JD: The measurement of the exchangeable pools of cholesterol in the baboon. J Clin Invest 49:655, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wilson JD: Biosynthetic origin of serum cholesterol in the squirrel monkey: evidence for a contribution by the intestinal wall. J Clin Invest 47:175, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  22. Nestel PJ, Whyte HM, Goodman DS: Distribution and turnover of cholesterol in humans. J Clin Invest 48:982, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Goodman DS: Cholesterol ester metabolism. Physiol Rev 45:747, 1965

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Turner DA, Misra UK: Differences in the lipid pattern of T-tube and gallbladder puncture bile in surgical patients. Clin Biochem 2:13, 1968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Skipski VP, Barclay M, Archibald FM, et al: Lipid composition of rat liver cell membranes. Life Sci 4:1673, 1965

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Grundy SM, Ahrens EH Jr: The effects of unsaturated dietary fats on absorption, excretion, synthesis, and distribution of cholesterol in man. J Clin Invest 49:1135, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wood PDS: The gastrointestinal tract in relation to cholesterol turnover, Proceedings of the 1968 Deuel Conference on Lipids on Turnover of Lipids and Lipoproteins. Edited by G Cowgill, DL Estrich, PD Wood. Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1969, pp 149–160

    Google Scholar 

  28. Grundy SM, Ahrens EH Jr, Salen G: Hourly rates of secretion of biliary lipids in man. Clin Res 18:529, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  29. Wilson JD, Lindsey CA Jr: Studies on the influence of dietary cholesterol on cholesterol metabolism in the isotopic steady state in man. J Clin Invest 44:1805, 1965

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Nishida T, Ueno A, Kummerow FA: Metabolism of cholesterol-4-C14 in bile duct cannulated chicks and rats. Circ Res 8:742, 1960

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kottke BA: Differences in bile acid excretion: primary hypercholesteremia compared to combined hypercholesteremia and hypertriglyceridemia. Circulation 40:13, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Piper J, Orrild L: Essential familial hypercholesterolemia and xanthomatosis: follow-up study of twelve Danish families. Amer J Med 21:34, 1956

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Comess LJ, Bennett PH, Burch TA: Clinical gallbladder disease in Pima Indians: its high prevalence in contrast to Framingham, Massachusetts. New Eng J Med 277:894, 1967

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. van der Linden W, Norman A: Composition of human hepatic bile. Acta Chir Scand 133:307, 1967

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Siperstein MD, Murray AW: Cholesterol metabolism in man. J Clin Invest 34:1449, 1955

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bergström S, Danielsson H: On the regulation of bile acid formation in the rat liver. Acta Physiol Scand 43:1, 1958

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bergström S, Danielsson H: Formation and metabolism of bile acids, Handbook of Physiology: A Critical, Comprehensive Presentation of Physiological Knowledge and Concepts. Section 6; Alimentary Canal. Vol 5. Edited by CF Code, Washington, DC, American Physiological Society, 1968, pp 2391–2407

    Google Scholar 

  38. Mosbach EH, Rothschild MA, Bekersky I, et al: Biosynthesis of bile acids by the isolated perfused rabbit liver. Gastroenterology 58:1015, 1970, abstr

    Google Scholar 

  39. Scherstén T: The synthesis of taurocholic and glycocholic acids by preparations of human liver. I. Distribution of activity between subcellular fractions. Biochim Biophys Acta 141:144, 1967

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hofmann AF, Mosbach EH: Identification of allodeoxycholic acid as the major component of gallstones induced in the rabbit by 5α-cholestan-3β-ol. J Biol Chem 239:2813, 1964

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Danielsson H, Eneroth P, Hellström K, et al: On the turnover and excretory products of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid in man. J Biol Chem 238:2299, 1963

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Boyd GS, Eastwood MA: Studies on the quantitative distribution of bile salts along the rat small intestine under varying dietary regimes. Biochim Biophys Acta 152:159, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Blum M, Spritz N: The metabolism of intravenously injected isotopic cholic acid in Laennec's cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 45:187, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Samuel P, Saypol GM, Meilman E, et al: Absorption of bile acids from the large bowel in man. J Clin Invest 47:2070, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Norman A, Shorb MS: In vitro formation of deoxycholic and lithocholic acid by human intestinal microorganisms. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 110:552, 1962

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Schoenfield LJ, Sjövall J, Sjövall K: Bile acid composition of gallstones from man. J Lab Clin Med 68:186, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hofmann AF: The syndrome of ileal disease and the broken enterohepatic circulation: cholerheic enteropathy. Gastroenterology 52:752, 1967

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fishler MC, Entenman C, Montgomery ML, et al: The formation of phospholipid by the hepatectomized dog as measured with radioactive phosphorus. I. The site of formation of plasma phospholipids. J Biol Chem 150:47, 1943

    Google Scholar 

  49. Stein O, Stein Y: Lecithin synthesis, intracellular transport, and secretion in rat liver. IV. A radioautographic and biochemical study of choline-deficient rats injected with choline-3H. J Cell Biol 40:461, 1969

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Marinetti GV, Erbland J, Albrecht M, et al: Time study of incorporation in vivo of32P-orthophosphate into phosphatides of rat tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 30:543, 1958

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. McMurray WC, Dawson RMC: Phospholipid exchange reactions within the liver cell. Biochem J 112:91, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bjørnstad P, Bremer J: In vivo studies on pathways for the biosynthesis of lecithin in the rat. J Lipid Res 7:38, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Balint JA, Beeler DA, Treble DH, et al: Studies in the biosynthesis of hepatic and biliary lecithins. J Lipid Res 8:486, 1967

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Spitzer HL, Kyriakides EC, Balint JA: Biliary phospholipids in various species. Letter to the Editor. Nature (London) 204:288, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  55. Rossiter RJ: Metabolism of phosphatides, Metabolic Pathways. Vol 2. Lipids, Steroids, and Carotenoids. Third edition. Edited by DM Greenberg. New York, Academic Press, Inc, 1968, pp 69–115

    Google Scholar 

  56. Blomstrand R, Dahlback O, Linder E: Asymmetric incorporation of linoleic acid-1-C14 and stearic acid-1-C14 into human lymph lecithins during fat absorption. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 100:768, 1959

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Balint JA, Kyriakides EC, Spitzer HL, et al: Lecithin fatty acid composition in bile and plasma of man, dogs, rats, and oxen. J Lipid Res 6:96, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  58. Wilgram GF, Kennedy EP: Intracellular distribution of some enzymes catalyzing reactions in the biosynthesis of complex lipids. J Biol Chem 238:2615, 1963

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Sarzala MG, Van Golde LMG, De Kruyff B, et al: The intramitochondrial distribution of some enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of rat-liver phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 202:106, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Waite M, Sisson P, Blackwell E: Comparison of mitochondrial with microsomal acylation of monoacyl phosphoglycerides. Biochemistry (Wash) 9:746, 1970

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wirtz KWA, Zilversmit DB: Participation of soluble liver proteins in the exchange of membrane phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 193:105, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sunzel H, Martinsson A, Hood B: The lipid content of the human liver: a comparison between patients with gallstone disease and peptic ulcer. Metabolism 13: 1469, 1964

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Nilsson S, Scherstén T: Synthesis of phospholipids and triglycerides in human liver slices. I. Experimental conditions and the synthesis rate in normal liver tissue. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 24:237, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Young DL, Hanson K: Bile salt effect on hepatic lecithin release. Clin Res 18:392, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  65. Illingworth DR, Glover J: Formation of biliary phospholipids. Biochem J 108:48P, 1968, abstr

    Google Scholar 

  66. Zilversmit DB, Van Handel E: The origin of bile lecithin and the use of bile to determine plasma lecithin turnover rates. Arch Biochem 73:224, 1958

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Swell L, Bell CC Jr, Entenman C: Bile acids and lipid metabolism. III. Influence of bile acids on phospholipids in liver and bile of the isolated perfused dog liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 164:278, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nilsson S, Scherstén T: Importance of bile acids for phospholipid secretion into human hepatic bile. Gastroenterology 57: 525, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Gjone E, Bjørnstad P: Phospholipase A activity in duodenal aspirates of man: a method for its determination after pancreatic stimulation by a standard meal. Scand J Gastroent 1:214, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Arnesjö B, Nilsson Å, Barrowman J, et al: Intestinal digestion and absorption of cholesterol and lecithin in the human. Scand J Gastroent 4:653, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Borgström B: Studies of the phospholipids of human bile and small intestinal content. Acta Chem Scand 11:749, 1957

    Google Scholar 

  72. Nilsson Å: Intestinal absorption of lecithin and lysolecithin by lymph fistula rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 152:379, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Bouchier IAD, Freston JW: The aetiology of gallstones. Lancet 1:340, 1968

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gottfries A: Bile acid conjugation of liver tissue from patients with acute cholecystitis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 21:249, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Hirano M: Role of essential fatty acids in liver on the conversion of cholesterol to bile acid, especially significance of essential fatty acids concerning the formation of cholesterolstones. Arch Jap Chir 34:939, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  76. Villa L, Dioguardi N, Agostoni A, et al: Behaviour of enzymes concerned in fatty acid oxidation in the liver tissue of patients with gallbladder cholesterol stones. Acta Med Scand 164:241, 1959

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Villa L, Idéo G, Agostoni A, et al: Further studies on liver metabolism in subjects with gallbladder cholesterol stones: liver content of acetoacetate and cholesterol. Acta Med Scand 175:691, 1964

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kukral JC, Kaupp HA Jr, Neyman B, et al: Cholesterol metabolism in patients with biliary tract lithiasis. Surg Forum 18:413, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  79. Shefer S, Hauser S, Bekersky I, et al: Feedback regulation of bile acid biosynthesis in the rat. J Lipid Res 10:646, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Weis HJ, Dietschy JM: Failure of bile acids to control hepatic cholesterogenesis: evidence for endogenous cholesterol feedback. J Clin Invest 48:2398, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Frantz ID Jr, Schneider HS, Hinkelman BT: Suppression of hepatic cholesterol synthesis in the rat by cholesterol feeding. J Biol Chem 206:465, 1954

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Beher WT, Casazza KK, Beher ME, et al: Effects of cholesterol on bile acid metabolism in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 134:595, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Siperstein MD, Fagan VM: Feedback control of mevalonate synthesis by dietary cholesterol. J Biol Chem 241:602, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Regen D, Riepertinger C, Hamprecht B, et al: The measurement of beta hydroxy-beta-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase in rat liver: effects of fasting and refeeding. Biochem Z 346:78, 1966

    Google Scholar 

  85. Back P, Hamprecht B, Lynen F: Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver: diurnal changes of activity and influence of bile acids. Arch Biochem 133:11, 1969

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Nilsson S, Scherstén T: Influence of bile acids on the synthesis of biliary phospholipids in man. Europ J Clin Invest 1:109, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kay RE, Entenman C: Stimulation of taurocholic acid synthesis and biliary excretion of lipids. Amer J Physiol 200:855, 1961

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Soloway RD, Clark ML, Senior JR, et al: Effect of secretin on the flow and composition of bile. Gastroenterology 56:1263, 1969, abstr

    Google Scholar 

  89. Thureborn E: Human hepatic bile: composition changes due to altered enterohepatic circulation. Acta Chir Scand 303: Suppl:p 1, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  90. Percy-Robb IW, Boyd GS: The synthesis of bile acids in perfused rat liver subjected to chronic biliary drainage. Biochem J 118:519, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Danielsson H, Einarsson K, Johansson G: Effect of biliary drainage on individual reactions in the conversion of cholesterol to taurocholic acid. Europ J Biochem 2:44, 1967

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Dowling RH, Mack E, Small DM: Cholesterol solubility and bile composition after interruption of the enterohepatic circulation in the rhesus monkey. Clin Res 17:301, 1969, abstr

    Google Scholar 

  93. Nakayama F, Johnston CG: Solubility of human gallstones in primate gallbladder. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 104:73, 1960

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Lapin BA, Yakoleva LA: Comparative Pathology in Monkeys. Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1963, pp 1–272

  95. Nakayama F, Miyake H: Species differences in cholesterol-complexing macromolecular fractions in bile in relation to gallstone formation. J Lab Clin Med 67:78, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Pickens M, Spanner GO, Bauman L: The composition of gall stones and their solubility in dog bile. J Biol Chem 95:505, 1932

    Google Scholar 

  97. van der Linden W, Nakayama F: Change of bile composition in man after administration of cholestyramine (a gallstone dissolving agent in hamsters). Acta Chir Scand 135:433, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Thistle JL, Schoenfield LJ: Induced alteration of bile composition in humans with cholelithiasis. J Lab Clin Med 74:1020, 1969, abstr

    Google Scholar 

  99. Bergman F, van der Linden W: Effect of cholestyramine on cholesterol gallstones in mice. Acta Chir Scand 134:287, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Dam H: Nutritional aspects of gallstone formation with particular reference to alimentary production of gallstones in laboratory animals. World Rev Nutr Diet 11:199, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Goodman DS, Nobel RP: Turnover of plasma cholesterol in man. J Clin Invest 47:231, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Schoenfield LJ, Sjövall J: Bile acids and cholesterol in guinea pigs with induced gallstones. Amer J Physiol 211:1069, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Small DM: Liquid crystals in biological systems: bile secretion and gallstone formation. Molec Crystals Liquid Crystals 8:209, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  104. van Deenen LLM: Phospholipids and Biomembranes, Progress in the Chemistry of Fats and Other Lipids, Vol 8. Edited by RT Holman. Pergamon Press, New York, 1965, pp 1–127

    Google Scholar 

  105. Hardison WG, Apter JT: Phospholipid regulation of bile salt stimulated biliary cholesterol excretion. Clin Res 18:381, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  106. Rewbridge AG: The disappearance of gallstone shadows following the prolonged administration of bile salts. Surgery 1:395, 1937

    Google Scholar 

  107. Cole WH, Harridge WH: Disappearance of “stone” shadows in postoperative cholangiograms. JAMA 164:238, 1957

    Google Scholar 

  108. Swell L, Bell CC Jr: Influence of bile acids on biliary lipid secretion in man: implications in gallstone formation. Amer J Dig Dis 13:1077, 1968

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Neiderhiser DH, Roth HP: Cholesterol solubilization by solutions of bile salts and bile salts plus lecithin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 128:221, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Peric-Golia L: Enterohepatic cycling of cholic acid and biliary excretion of cholesterol. Fed Proc 24:167, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  111. Switz DM, Hislop IG, Hofmann AF: Factors influencing the absorption of bile acids by the human jejunum. Gastroenterology 58:999, 1970, abstr

    Google Scholar 

  112. Thistle JL, Schoenfield LJ: Bile acid, lecithin, and cholesterol in repeated human duodenal biliary drainage: effect of lecithin feeding. Clin Res 16:450, 1968, abstr

    Google Scholar 

  113. Maruyama I: Effect of essential fatty acids and pyridoxine on the formation of gallstones, especially cholesterol stones. Arch Jap Chir 34:19, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  114. Tompkins RK, Cornwell DG, Sprecher HW, et al: Role of biliary phospholipids in the formation of human gallstones. Surg Forum 18:411, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  115. Tompkins RK, Burke L, Cornwell DG, et al: Enhancement of the cholesterol-holding capacity of human hepatic bile. Surg Forum 19:344, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Hikasa Y, Kuyama T, Maruyama I, et al: Initiating factors of gallstones, especially cholesterol stones (II). Arch Jap Chir 34:1430, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  117. Borgman RF, Haselden FH: Cholelithiasis in rabbits: influence of breed. Arch Path (Chicago) 85:598, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Tepperman J, Weiner M: Experimental gallstones: an adventure in biological geology. Yale J Biol Med 41:107, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Sarles H, Chabert C, Pommeau Y, et al: Diet and cholesterol gallstones: a study of 101 patients with cholelithiasis compared to 101 matched controls. Amer J Dig Dis 14:531, 1969

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Wheeler M, Hills LL, Laby B: Cholelithiasis: a clinical and dietary survey. Gut 11:430, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Malhotra SL: Epidemiological study of cholelithiasis among railroad workers in India with special reference to causation. Gut 9:290, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Schulze H-U, Staudinger H: Änderungen im Gehalt der Phospholipoide von Lebermikrosomen unterscheidlich vorbehandelter Ratten und Meerschweinchen. Hoppe Seyler Z Physiol Chem 351:184, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Leveille GA: In vivo fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in fasted and fastedrefed chicks. J Nutr 98:367, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Smith HP, Groth AH, Whipple GH: Bile salt metabolism. I. Control diets, methods, and fasting output. J Biol Chem 80:659, 1928

    Google Scholar 

  125. Dam H, Kruse I, Krogh Jensen M, et al: Studies on human bile. II. Influence of two different fats on the composition of human bile. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 19:367, 1967

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Watanabe N, Gimbel NS, Johnston CG: Effect of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids on the cholesterol holding capacity of human bile. Arch Surg (Chicago) 85:136, 1962

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Heaton KW, Read AE: Gall stones in patients with disorders of the terminal ileum and disturbed bile salt metabolism. Brit Med J 3:494, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Palmer RH: Gallstones produced experimentally by lithocholic acid in rats. Science 148:1339, 1965

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Magee DF: Effect of essential amino acids on cholic acid production in dogs. Amer J Physiol 176:223, 1954

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Sjövall J: Dietary glycine and taurine on bile acid conjugation in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 100:676, 1959

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Avery MD, Lupien PJ: Cholesterol metabolism and vitamin B6. II. Intestinal cholesterogenesis in vitamin B6 deficient rats. Lipids 5:109, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Nahrwold DL, Grossman MI: Secretion of bile in response to food with and without bile in the intestine. Gastroenterology 53:11, 1967

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Forman DT, Garvin JE, Forestner JE, et al: Increased excretion of fecal bile acids by an oral hydrophillic colloid. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 127:1060, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Rosenman RH, Byers SO, Friedman M: The mechanism responsible for the altered blood cholesterol content in deranged thyroid states. J Clin Endocr Metab 12:1287, 1952

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Schweppe JS, Jungmann RA: The effect of hormones on hepatic cholesterol ester synthesis in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 131:868, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Hellström K, Lindstedt S: Cholic-acid turnover and biliary bile-acid composition in humans with abnormal thyroid function. J Lab Clin Med 63:666, 1964

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Nilsson S: Gallbladder disease and sex hormones. Acta Chir Scand 132:275, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Riegel C, Ravdin IS, Morrison PJ, et al: Studies of gallbladder function. XI. The composition of the gallbladder bile in pregnancy. JAMA 105:1343, 1935

    Google Scholar 

  139. Large AM, Johnston CG, Katsuki T, et al: Gallstones and pregnancy: the composition of gallbladder bile in the pregnant woman at term. Amer J Med Sci 239:713, 1960

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Imamoglu K, Wangensteen SL, Root HD, et al: Production of gallstones by prolonged administration of progesterone and estradiol in rabbits. Surg Forum 10:246, 1959

    Google Scholar 

  141. Clave RA, Gaspar MR: Incidence of gallbladder disease after vagotomy. Amer J Surg 118:169, 1969

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Fletcher DM, Clark CG: Changes in canine bile-flow and composition after vagotomy. Brit J Surg 56:103, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Barnett WO, Hilbun GR: Dissolution of human gallstone in the dog's gallbladder after various degrees of vagotomy. Surgery 60:840, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Sum PT, Ross H, Chung RSK, et al: Studies on the regulation of hepatic bile flow: the intestinal phase of biliary secretion. Amer J Surg 120:160, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Jones AL, Fawcett DW: Hypertrophy of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum in hamster liver induced by phenobarbital (with a review on the functions of this organelle in liver). J Histochem Cytochem 14:215, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Wada F, Hirata K, Nakao K, et al: Participation of P-450 in 7 alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol. J Biochem (Tokyo) 64:415, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  147. Shefer S, Hauser S, Mosbach EH: 7 α−-hydroxylation of cholestanol by rat liver microsomes. J Lipid Res 9:328, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Thistle JL, Schoenfield LJ: Induced alterations in composition of bile of persons having cholelithiasis. Gastroenterology (in press)

  149. Hardison WGM, Rosenberg IH: The effect of neomycin on bile salt metabolism and fat digestion in man. J Lab Clin Med 74:564, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Eyssen HJ, Van den Bosch JF, Janssen GA: Cholesterol-lowering effect of sulfa-guanidine in mice and rats, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism. Vol 4. Edited by WL Holmes, LA Carlson, R Paoletti. New York, Plenum Press, 1969, pp 549–557

    Google Scholar 

  151. Dempsey ME: The effect of hypoglycemic agents on cholesterol biosynthesis, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism. Vol 4. Edited by WL Holmes, LA Carlson, R Paoletti. New York, Plenum Press, 1969, pp 511–520

    Google Scholar 

  152. Kasture AV, Dorle AK: Effect of adrenergic blocking agents on bile secretion. Indian J Med Res 56:339, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. From the Gastroenterology Unit, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn

    Roger D. Soloway MD, Johnson L. Thistle MD & Leslie J. Schoenfield MD

Authors
  1. Roger D. Soloway MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Johnson L. Thistle MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Leslie J. Schoenfield MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Supported in part by Research Grant AM-6908 from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Soloway, R.D., Thistle, J.L. & Schoenfield, L.J. Hepatic lipid secretion and cholelithiasis. Digest Dis Sci 16, 437–454 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02235091

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02235091

Keywords

Search

Navigation