Zusammenfassung
Bei bestimmten Zahnkarpfen-Bastarden treten stets erbbedingte Melanome auf. Diese entstehen dadurch, dass bestimmte Gene, die für die Differenzierung von Farbzellen verantwortlich sind, enthemmt und gleichzeitig zu einer gesteigerten Aktivität angeregt werden. Die Enthemmung beruht auf einem Verlust bestimmter Repressionsgene und die Aktivitätssteigerung auf einer Einführung polyfaktorieller Systeme von Induktionsgene. Es bestehen schwerwiegende Indizien dafür, dass die Induktorsubstanzen mit Aminosäuren identisch sind.
ReferencesReferences
J. Huxley,Biological Aspects of Cancer (Allen and Unwin, London 1958).
W. J. Burdette, Cancer Res.12, 201 (1952);M. L. Kaplan, Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc.51, 1 (1956);R. C. King, R. G. Burnett, andN. A. Staley, Growth21, 239 (1957);G. Röhrborn, Wilhelm Roux' Arch. Entw Mech.150, 115 (1957);J. H. Sang andB. Burnet, Genetics, Princeton48, 235 (1963); and others.
A. E. Kehr, Am. Nat.85, 51 (1951);A. E. Kehr andH. H. Smith, Brookhaven Symp. Biol.6, 55 (1954);U. Näf, Growth22, 167 (1958);F. Anders andF. Vester, Experientia16, 65 (1960);F. Vester andF. Anders, Biochem. Z.332, 396 (1960);H. H. Smith, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Ser,2, 24, 741 (1963);E. Steitz, Diss. Univ. Saarbrücken 1963; Experientia21, 647 (1965);M. R. Ahuja, Q. Rev. Biol.40, 329 (1965).
Simultaneous discoveries and first investigations by:M. Gordon, Genetics12, 253 (1927);C. Kosswig, Z. indukt. Abstamm.- u. Vererb. Lehre44, 253 (1927);G. Häussler, Klin. Wschr.7, 1561 (1928).
Last reviews:M. Gordon,Pigment Cell Biology (Academic Press, New York 1959), p. 215;C. Kosswig, Copeia1964, 65 (1964).
C. Kosswig, Experientia20, 190 (1964); Naturw. Rdsch. Stuttg.18, 392 (1965).
J. W. Atz, Zoologica N.Y.47, 153 (1962);K. D. Kallmann, Zoologica N.Y.50, 151 (1965).
F. Anders andK. Klinke, Z. VererbLehre96, 49 (1965).
H. Breider, Strahlentherapie88, 619 (1952).
I. Ziegler, Z. Naturf.18b, 551 (1963) Ergebn, Physiol.56, 1 (1965);W. Pfleiderer andE. C. Taylor,Pterine Chemistry (Pergamon Press, Oxford, London, Edinburgh, New York, Paris, Frankfurt 1964), p. 485.
G. Maas, Diss. Univ. Saarbrücken (1966).
To this belongs also the decision of whether and how much melanin is produced. But pigment formation will not be considered, because it is dependent on a separate genetic make-up that does not effect tumour formation; albino fish are able to form complete melanomas lacking melanin.
H. Breider, Z. wiss. Zool.152, 107 (1939).
F. Anders, F. Vester, K. Klinke, andH. Schumacher, Biol. Zbl.81, 45 (1962).
Various species are now crossed by artificial insemination;C. D. Zander, Zool. Anz.166, 81 (1961).
H. Breider, Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat.28, 784 (1938);D. G. Humm andJ. H. Humm, Ann. N. Y. Arad. Sci.100, 857 (1963).
Till now a maximum of 15 generations.
M. Gordon (see5) discussed the fact that differentiation of pigment cells in tumours is an incomplete one; but tumour cells are real pigment cells producing melanin.
F. Anders, Verh. dt. zool. Ges., Kiel (1964), Zool. Anz.28, Suppl.-Bd., 102 (1965).
F. Jacob andJ. Monod, inCytodifferentiation and Macromolecular Synthesis (Ed.M. Locke; Academic Press, New York and London 1963), p. 30;H. O. Halvorson, A. Herman, H. Okada, andJ. Gorman, 13. Colloquium der Ges. für physiol. Chemie in Mosbach/Baden (Springer, Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg 1963), p. 42.
F. Anders andK. Klinke, Verh. dt. zool. Ges., Göttingen, (1966) in print.
C. D. Zander, Mitt. hamb. zool. Mus. Inst.60, 205 (1962); Mitt. hamb. zool. Mus. Inst.,Kosswig-Festschrift 222 (1964).
This race was used in Figure 1.
C. Kosswig, Veröff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerh., Sonderband3, Meeresbiol. Symp. 178 (1963).
M. Öktay, Mitt. hamb. zool. Mus. Inst.,Kosswig-Festschrift 133 (1964).
P. A. MacIntyre andK. F. Balser-Cohen, Zoologica46, 125 (1961).
F. Anders, A. Anders, andK. Klinke, Verh. dt. zool. Ges., Wien (1962), Zool. Anz.26, Suppl.-Bd., 97 (1963).
F. Anders, F. Drawert, K. Klinke, andK. H. Reuther, Experientia19, 219 (1963).
Some exceptions are known which will be examined here.
SeeE. Roberts andD. G. Simonsen, inAmino Acids, Proteins and Cancer Biochemistry (Ed.I. T. Edsall; Academic Press, New York and London 1960), p. 121;T. J. Holden,Amino Acid Pools (Elsevier, Amsterdam-London-New York 1962), p. 248.
F. Anders, Verh. dt. zool. Ges., Erlangen (1955), Zool. Anz.19, Suppl.-Bd., 421 (1956); Vitis1, 121 (1957); Biol. Zbl.80, 199 (1961);O. Henke, Phytopath. Z.41, 387 (1961);G. Schäller, Zool. Jb., Allg. Zool. Physiol.70, 399 (1963);M. S. Mani,Ecology of Plant Galls (Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague 1964).
W. Kloft, Z. angew. Ent.46, 42 (1960);G. L. Hagen, Devl. Biol.4, 569 (1962);D. F. S. Truman andA. Korner Biochem. J.83, 588 (1962);P. H. Reis andP. G. Schinckel, Aust. J. biol. Sci.16, 218 (1963);F. C. Steward, Scient. Am.209, 104 (1963);G. Werz, Planta60, 211 (1963);F. Anders, F. Drawert, A. Anders, andK. H. Reuther, Z. Naturf.19b, 495 (1964); J. Reřábek, Naturwissenschaften51, 67 (1964);F. Drawert, K. H. Reuther, and A. andF. Anders, Experientia21, 618 (1965).
F. Gros andF. Gros, Biochem. biophys. Acta22, 200 (1956);M. Ycas andG. Brawerman, Archs Biochem.68, 118 (1957);A. I. Aronson andS. Spiegelman, Biochem. biophys. Acta53, 70 (1961);F. C. Neidhardt andD. G. Fraenkel, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant. Biol.26, 63 (1961);E. Kellenberger, K. G. Lark, andA. Bolle, Proc. natn Acad. Sci. U.S.A.48, 1860 (1962);O. Maaløe andN. O. Kjeldgaard,Control of Macromolecular Synthesis (W. A. Benjamin Inc., New York and Amsterdam 1966).
Till now only the effects of various salt concentrations, temperatures, and UV-irradiation have been investigated.
The curve resembles that of technical regulating systems and therefore points to the presence of a biological regulating system that causes a constant concentration of the amino acids at different salt concentrations, SeeK. Steinbuch,Automat und Mensch (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1965).
Experiments for raising pigment cell formation by injecting amino acids are difficult to perform. Single injections are compensated, as already known for other objects. Continuous injections which would raise the level of amino acids for a longer period of time are not tolerated by the animals.
C. Stern, Biol. Zbl.49, 261 (1929);H. J. Müller, Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Genet.1, 213 (1932). Last review:A. G. Cock, Genet. Res.5, 354 (1964).
B. McClintock, Am. Nat.95, 265 (1961);H. Marquardt, Biol. Zbl.83, 1 (1964); and others.
K. H. Bauer,Das Krebsproblem (Springer, Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg 1963), 2. Aufl.;A. Graffi andH. Bielka,Probleme der experimentellen Krebsforschung (Geest und Portig, Leipzig 1959).
E. Steitz andF. Anders, Verh. dt. zool. Ges., Göttingen (1966), in print.
I should like to thank Dr.C. Kosswig (Hamburg) and Dr.M. Dzwillo (Hamburg) for their valuable criticism,J. Vielkind (Giessen) for translation, andW. Backer (Giessen) for reading through the manuscript. The experiments of the author have been supported by a grant from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Stiftung Volkswagenwerk.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Lecture given at the ‘Internationaler Herbstkongress für Ganzheitsmedizin und Naturheilverfahren 1964’ in Velden/Wörther See (Austria).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anders, F. Tumour formation in platyfish-swordtail hybrids as a problem of gene regulation. Experientia 23, 1–10 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02142235
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02142235