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Thromboembolic complications in thermally injured patients

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Abstract

The frequency of thromboembolic complications in burn patients has been estimated to range from 0.4% to 7%. The clinical significance of these events is often debated and has prompted some centers to adopt the routine prophylactic use of low dose heparin prophylaxis. A 10 year review of 2,103 burn patients treated at this institution was undertaken. Twenty-five (1.2%) patients, with a mean age of 40.0 years and an average burn size of 49.3% total body surface area (TBSA), were identified as having significant pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). In only 3 (0.14%) patients was the thromboembolism considered to be a cause of death. Nineteen (0.9%) patients, with an average age of 36.7 years and a mean burn size of 48.3% TBSA, developed clinically evident deep venous thrombosis (DVT); however, in only 1 (0.05%) patient did the disease progress to fatal PTE.

A review of the literature reveals a 0.6% to 5% incidence of complications related to low dose heparin therapy which includes bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and arterial thrombosis. We feel that the infrequency of clinically significant PTE and DVT in burn patients and the comparable or greater rate of complications associated with heparin prophylaxis mitigate against the routine use of low dose heparin therapy except in patients at high risk for these events.

Résumé

La fréquence de complications thromboemboliques chez le brûlé varie entre 0.4% et 7%. La signification clinique de ces évènements est souvent discutée mais a incité plusieurs équipes à utiliser de façon systématique et prophylactique de l'héparine à bas poids moléculaire (HBPM). D'après une revue de 2,103 dossiers de brûlés soignés dans notre centre, 25 patients (1.2%), d'âge moyen de 40.0 ans, et ayant une surface corporelle totale brûlée moyenne de 49.3%, ont eu une embolie pulmonaire avec retentissement clinique. Pour trois d'entre eux (0.14%), l'embolie a été considéréee comme la cause du décès. Dix-neuf patients (0.9%) d'âge moyen de 36.7 ans et ayant une surface corporelle totale brûlée moyenne de 48.3%, ont dévéloppé des signes de thrombose veineuse profonde. Seul un de ces patients (0.05%) a eu par la suite un embolie fatale. Selon une revue de la littérature, l'incidence de complications en rapport avec l'utilisation d'HBPM, comprenant l'hémorragie, la thrombocytopénie et la thrombose artérielle, oscille entre 0.6% et 5%. Nous pensons que la relative basse fréquence de thromboembolie pulmonaire associée à un taux non négligeable de complications en rapport avec l'emploi d'HBPM vont contre son utilisation systématique chez le brûlé sauf chez les patients à haut risque de thromboembolie.

Resumen

La incidencia de complicaciones tromboenbólicas en pacientes quemados ha sido estimada entre 0.4% y 7%. La significación clínica de estos fénomenos es frecuentement discutida y ha hecho que algunos centros adopten rutinariamente la profilaxis con heparina de baja dosificación. Se emprendió la revisión de 2103 pacientes quemados tratados en esta institución en el curso de 10 años. Veinticinco pacientes (1.2%) con una edad media de 40.0 años y un promedio de área corporal quemada de 49.3%, fueron identificados como casos de tromboembolismo pulmonar significativo. En sólo tres pacientes (0.14%) se consideró que el tromboembolismo fue la causa de muerte. Diecinueve pacientes (0.9%), con una edad promedio de 36.7 años y un área de quemadura de 48.3% de la superficie corporal total, desarrollaron trombosis venosa profunda clínicamente evidente; sin embargo, sólo en un paciente (0.05%) la enfermedad avanzó hasta el tromboembolismo pulmonar fatal.

Una revisión de la literatura reveló una incidencia de complicaciones relacionadas con la heparina de baja dosificación de 0.6–5%; tales complicaciones incluyen sangrado, trombocitopenia y trombosis arterial. Creemos que la rareza del tromboembolismo pulmonar y la trombosis venosa profunda clínicamente significativos en los pacientes quemados y el riesgo, comparable o mayor, de complicaciones asociadas con la profilaxis con heparina, militan en contra de su uso rutinario, excepto en pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar tales fenómenos.

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Reprint requests: Library Branch, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical research, Bldg. 2653, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, 78234-5012, U.S.A.

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Rue, L.W., Cioffi, W.G., Rush, R. et al. Thromboembolic complications in thermally injured patients. World J. Surg. 16, 1151–1154 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02067085

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